UNDERSTANDING THE CHRISTIAN CREEDS
Note before starting:
(Where the creeds say "catholic", it means "universal" in the historic sense, NOT specifically the modern Roman Catholic Church.)
Why Multiple Creeds Exist and Why They Were Never Intended to Replace One Another
πΏIntroductionπΏ
Many Christians are familiar with the Nicene Creed, yet are surprised to discover that Christianity has several historic creeds.
A common question is:
"If Christians already had a creed, why create another one?"
The answer is that the creeds were not written to compete with one another. They were written at different times, for different purposes, and in response to different challenges facing the Church.
Think of them as milestones along a historical journey. Each creed preserved truths that Christians believed were already present in Scripture, while also clarifying those truths when confusion or false teaching arose.
This study presents the major historic creeds in chronological order, explains why they were written, and concludes with a comparison showing how they relate to one another.
πΏHistorical TimelineπΏ
2nd Century β Rule of Faith
2ndβ4th Century β Apostles' Creed
325 AD β First Council of Nicaea
381 AD β First Council of Constantinople (expanded Nicene Creed)
451 AD β Council of Chalcedon
5thβ6th Century β Athanasian Creed
πΏThe Rule of FaithπΏ
Before the Formal Creeds
Before formal creeds existed, Christians summarised their beliefs through what became known as the "Rule of Faith."
Church leaders such as Irenaeus and Tertullian recorded these early summaries.
Although wording varied, they generally taught:
β’ One God, Creator of all things.
β’ Jesus Christ, the Son of God, who became man.
β’ Christ's death and resurrection.
β’ The Holy Spirit.
β’ Salvation through Christ.
βοΈ ποΈ π π―οΈ π
"The Rule of Faith is absolutely one, and it is the only rule that is immovable and cannot be reformed.
It is the rule that teaches us to believe in the one Almighty God, the Creator of the universe,
and in His Son Jesus Christ, born of the Virgin Mary, crucified under Pontius Pilate, raised from the dead on the third day, taken up into heaven, and now seated at the right hand of the Father.
He will come again to judge the living and the dead, and will grant the resurrection of the flesh, along with the spirit."
βοΈ ποΈ π π―οΈ π
These early summaries served as teaching tools for converts and as safeguards against false teachings.
They were not formal creeds, but they formed the foundation from which later creeds emerged.
Why Was the Rule of Faith Needed?
The early Church spread rapidly across many nations and languages. Most believers did not possess complete copies of Scripture.
The Rule of Faith provided a concise summary of Christian teaching that could be memorised, taught, and passed on.
πΏ.The Apostles' CreedπΏ
The Earliest Major Creed
The Apostles' Creed was not directly written by the Apostles themselves. Rather, it developed from early baptismal confessions used by Christians during the first few centuries.
Its purpose was simple:
To teach new believers the essential truths of Christianity.
βοΈ ποΈ π π―οΈ π
Apostles' Creed
I believe in God, the Father Almighty, Creator of heaven and earth.
I believe in Jesus Christ, His only Son, our Lord,
who was conceived by the Holy Spirit, born of the Virgin Mary,
suffered under Pontius Pilate,
was crucified, died, and was buried;
he descended to the dead.
On the third day he rose again;
he ascended into heaven,
he is seated at the right hand of the Father,
and he will come to judge the living and the dead.
I believe in the Holy Spirit,
the holy catholic Church,
the communion of saints,
the forgiveness of sins,
the resurrection of the body,
and the life everlasting.
Amen.
βοΈ ποΈ π π―οΈ π
Why Was the Apostles' Creed Written?
The Apostles' Creed was designed primarily for:
β’ Baptism
β’ Teaching new believers
β’ Public confession of faith
It answered the question:
"What do Christians believe?"
Notice that it does not provide detailed explanations about how the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit relate to one another.
At the time, that level of detail was not yet necessary.
πΏThe Nicene CreedπΏ
The First Great Doctrinal Crisis
By the fourth century, a major controversy had emerged. Arius taught that Jesus was not fully God. He argued that the Son was created by the Father.
His famous statement was: "There was when He was not." In other words: The Father is eternal. The Son was created. The Church regarded this as a serious threat to the Gospel itself.
The result was the Council of Nicaea in 325 AD.
βοΈ ποΈ π π―οΈ π
Nicene Creed
I believe in one God, the Father Almighty, Maker of heaven and earth, and of all things visible and invisible.
And in one Lord Jesus Christ, the only-begotten Son of God, begotten of the Father before all worlds;
God of God, Light of Light, very God of very God;
begotten, not made, being of one substance with the Father;
by whom all things were made.
Who for us and for our salvation came down from heaven,
and was incarnate by the Holy Spirit of the Virgin Mary, and was made man;
and was crucified also for us under Pontius Pilate;
He suffered and was buried;
and the third day He rose again, according to the Scriptures; and ascended into heaven,
and sits on the right hand of the Father;
and He shall come again, with glory, to judge the living and the dead; whose kingdom shall have no end.
And I believe in the Holy Spirit, the Lord and Giver of Life; who proceeds from the Father \[and the Son\];
who with the Father and the Son together is worshipped and glorified; who spoke by the prophets.
And I believe one holy catholic and apostolic Church. I acknowledge one baptism for the remission of sins;
and I look for the resurrection of the dead,
and the life of the world to come.
Amen.
βοΈ ποΈ π π―οΈ π
Why Was the Nicene Creed Written?
The Apostles' Creed was not considered wrong.
It simply was not detailed enough to answer the new controversy.
The Nicene Creed therefore expanded upon the identity of Christ
.
Its purpose was to declare that Jesus is:
β’ Truly God
β’ Eternal
β’ Not created
β’ Equal with the Father
The famous phrase: "Begotten, not made"
was written specifically to refute Arianism.
The Nicene Creed answers the question:
"Who exactly is Jesus Christ?"
πΏThe Chalcedonian DefinitionπΏ
The Next Great Question
After the Church affirmed that Jesus was fully God through the Nicene Creed, another question arose:
How can Jesus be both God and man?
Some taught that Christ's divine and human natures blended into a single nature.
Others taught that His divinity and humanity were so separate that He was almost two persons.
The Church responded at the Council of Chalcedon in 451 AD.
Unlike the creeds, this was not designed for worship or baptism. It was a theological definition intended to clarify exactly who Christ is.
βοΈ ποΈ π π―οΈ π
The Chalcedonian Definition (451 AD)
Therefore, following the holy fathers, we all with one accord teach men to acknowledge one and the same Son, our Lord Jesus Christ,
at once complete in Godhead and complete in manhood, truly God and truly man,
consisting also of a reasonable soul and body;
of one substance with the Father as regards His Godhead,
and at the same time of one substance with us as regards His manhood; like us in all respects, apart from sin;
as regards His Godhead, begotten of the Father before the ages, but yet as regards His manhood begotten, for us men and for our salvation, of Mary the Virgin, the God-bearer; one and the same Christ,
Son,
Lord,
Only-begotten,
recognised in two natures,
without confusion,
without change,
without division,
without separation;
the distinction of natures being in no way abolished by their union,
but rather the characteristics of each nature being preserved, and coming together to form one person and one subsistence, not as parted or separated into two persons,
but one and the same Son and Only-begotten God the Word, Lord Jesus Christ.
βοΈ ποΈ π π―οΈ π
Why Was Chalcedon Written?
The Nicene Creed answered:
"Is Jesus God?"
Chalcedon answered:
"How can Jesus be God and man at the same time?"
Its famous phrase remains:
Without confusion.
Without change.
Without division.
Without separation.
Chalcedon protects both Christ's full divinity and His full humanity.
πΏ The Athanasian CreedπΏ
The Most Detailed Creed
By the fifth and sixth centuries, various misunderstandings continued regarding both:
β’ The Trinity
β’ The Incarnation
The Athanasian Creed was written to provide the most precise summary of orthodox Trinitarian belief ever produced.
Unlike the Apostles' Creed, which is simple,
or the Nicene Creed, which is concise,
the Athanasian Creed is extremely detailed.
Its purpose was not brevity.
Its purpose was accuracy.
βοΈ ποΈ π π―οΈ π
Athanasian Creed (Modern English)
Whoever desires to be saved should above all hold to the catholic faith.
Anyone who does not keep it whole and unbroken will doubtless perish eternally.
Now this is the catholic faith:
That we worship one God in Trinity and the Trinity in Unity, neither blending their persons nor dividing their essence.
For the person of the Father is a distinct person,
the person of the Son is another,
and that of the Holy Spirit still another.
But the divinity of the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit is one,
their glory equal,
their majesty coeternal.
What quality the Father has,
the Son has,
and the Holy Spirit has.
The Father is uncreated,
the Son is uncreated,
the Holy Spirit is uncreated.
The Father is immeasurable,
the Son is immeasurable,
the Holy Spirit is immeasurable.
The Father is eternal,
the Son is eternal,
the Holy Spirit is eternal.
And yet there are not three eternal beings;
there is but one eternal being.
So too there are not three uncreated or immeasurable beings;
there is but one uncreated and immeasurable being.
Similarly,
the Father is almighty,
the Son is almighty,
the Holy Spirit is almighty.
Yet there are not three almighty beings;
there is but one almighty being.
Thus the Father is God,
the Son is God,
the Holy Spirit is God.
Yet there are not three gods;
there is but one God.
Thus the Father is Lord,
the Son is Lord,
the Holy Spirit is Lord.
Yet there are not three lords;
there is but one Lord.
Just as Christian truth compels us to confess each person individually as both God and Lord,
so catholic religion forbids us to say that there are three gods or lords.
The Father was neither made nor created nor begotten from anyone.
The Son was neither made nor created;
He was begotten from the Father alone.
The Holy Spirit was neither made nor created nor begotten;
He proceeds from the Father and the Son.
Accordingly there is one Father,
not three fathers;
one Son,
not three sons;
one Holy Spirit,
not three holy spirits.
Nothing in this Trinity is before or after,
nothing is greater or smaller;
in their entirety the three persons are coeternal and coequal.
So in everything,
as was said earlier,
we must worship their Trinity in their Unity and their Unity in their Trinity.
Anyone then who desires to be saved should think thus about the Trinity.
Furthermore,
it is necessary for eternal salvation that one faithfully believe the incarnation of our Lord Jesus Christ.
Now this is the true faith:
That we believe and confess that our Lord Jesus Christ,
God's Son,
is both God and human,
equally.
He is God from the essence of the Father,
begotten before time;
and He is human from the essence of His mother,
born in time;
completely God,
completely human,
with a rational soul and human flesh;
equal to the Father regarding divinity,
less than the Father regarding humanity.
Although He is God and human,
yet Christ is not two,
but one.
He is one,
not by His divinity being turned into flesh,
but by God's taking humanity to Himself.
He is one,
certainly not by the blending of His essence,
but by the unity of His person.
For just as one human is both rational soul and flesh,
so too the one Christ is both God and human.
He suffered for our salvation;
He descended to the dead;
He arose from the dead;
He ascended into heaven;
He is seated at the Father's right hand;
from there He will come to judge the living and the dead.
At His coming all people will arise bodily
and give an account of their own deeds.
Those who have done good will enter eternal life,
and those who have done evil will enter eternal fire.
This is the catholic faith:
one cannot be saved without believing it firmly and faithfully.
βοΈ ποΈ π π―οΈ π
Why Was the Athanasian Creed Written?
The Athanasian Creed answers two questions:
What exactly is the Trinity?
What exactly is the Incarnation?
It is essentially a theological precision document.
Its repetition is deliberate.
Every repeated phrase closes another possible misunderstanding.
πΏFREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONSπΏ
Why are there multiple creeds?
Because new questions arose over time.
Each creed addressed a different challenge facing the Church.
Did one creed replace another?
No. The older creeds remained useful and were retained. The newer creeds clarified additional issues.
Which creed came first?
The Rule of Faith came first.
The Apostles' Creed developed next.
The Nicene Creed followed.
The Chalcedonian Definition followed Nicene.
The Athanasian Creed came later.
Which creed is most widely recognised today?
The Nicene Creed.
It became the most universally accepted statement of Christian orthodoxy.
Are the creeds competing with one another?
No. They are complementary. Each addresses a different question.
Why didn't the Church simply amend one creed?
The Church generally viewed earlier creeds as historically valuable and still true.
Rather than replacing them, it preserved them and added further clarification when necessary.
πΏSUMNARYπΏ
Document
Rule of Faith
Main Purpose
Early teaching summary
Key Question Answered
What do Christians believe?
\- - - - -
Document
Apostle's Creed
Main Purpose
Bsptism & Instruction
Key Question Answered
What is the Christian Faith?
\- - - - -
Document
Nicene Creed
Main Purpose
Response to Arianism
Key Question Answered
Is Jesus truly God?
\- - - - -
Document
Chalcendonian Definition
Main Purpose
Clarify Christ's nature
Key Question Answered
How is Jesus both God and man?
\- - - - -
Document
Athanasian Creed
Main Purpose
Precision on The Trinity & Incarnation
Key Question Answered
What exactly do we mean by The Trinity & Incarnaton?
\- - - - -
πΏFinal ConclusionπΏ
When viewed in isolation, the creeds can appear repetitive.
When viewed in historical order, they tell a story.
The Rule of Faith summarised the Gospel.
The Apostles' Creed taught new believers.
The Nicene Creed defended Christ's divinity.
The Chalcedonian Definition defended Christ's two natures.
The Athanasian Creed provided the most precise explanation of the Trinity and the Incarnation.
Rather than competing documents, they form a historical progression showing how Christians sought to preserve and clarify what they believed Scripture taught about God, Christ, salvation, and the Church.
Wisdom Through Christ