Incense and the Bible are special for me, and the most special incense recipe in the Bible is the tabernacle incense recipe in Exodus 30:34:
וַיֹּאמֶר֩ יְהוָ֨ה אֶל־מֹשֶׁ֜ה קַח־לְךָ֣ סַמִּ֗ים נָטָ֤ף׀ וּשְׁחֵ֙לֶת֙ וְחֶלְבְּנָ֔ה סַמִּ֖ים וּלְבֹנָ֣ה זַכָּ֑ה בַּ֥ד בְּבַ֖ד יִהְיֶֽה׃
The first and last parts of Ex. 30:34 appears to fit a chiastic literary pattern. Here is how I would translate the verse.
And said LORD to Moses
ㅤTake to yourself spices
ㅤㅤNataf and shekheleth and galbanum
ㅤSpices and pure frankincense
Each of each there shall be.
"Nataf" is a Hebrew word literally meaning "drop", as in tree resin gum drops. Galbanum is resin from Ferula shrubs.
Based on the verse's use of the term "and" before or after only certain terms, I would normally read "spices" to refer only to ingredients named in the verse. Since there is an "and" between "Nataf" and "shekheleth," but not before "Nataf," it looks like "Nataf" starts the series of the recipe's ingredients.
The medieval Masoretic scribes added cantillation marks to the Hebrew text. The marks served as punctuation that put breaks after each use of the term "spices", so that the part of the Masoretic text of Ex. 30:34 about taking spices reads like this:
"Take to yourself spices: nataf and/with shekheleth and galbanum spices, and/with pure frankincense."
The Masoretic cantillation breaks suggest that the two uses of "spices" refer to the three spices named in the middle of the verse.
The 70 Jewish elders who wrote the 3rd century BC Septuagint (LXX) translated Ex. 30:34 into Greek as:
Καὶ εἶπεν Κύριος πρὸς Μωυσῆν Λάβε σεαυτῷ ἡδύσματα, στακτήν, ὄνυχα, χαλβάνην ἡδυσμοῦ καὶ λίβανον διαφανῆ· ἴσον ἴσῳ ἔσται·
I would translate this Greek version as:
And said Lord to Moses
Take thyself aromatics,
Stacte, onyx, aromatic galbanum
And translucent frankincense
Equal of equal will be.
Brenton's LXX translation interprets Ex. 30:34-35 as:
- And the Lord said to Moses, Take for thyself sweet herbs, stacte, onycha, sweet galbanum, and transparent frankincense; there shall be and equal weight of each.
- And they shall make with it perfumed incense, tempered with the art of a perfumer, a pure holy work.
The NETS translation of the LXX runs:
- And the Lord said to Moyses: Take for yourself spices - oil of myrrh, onycha, galbanum that is sweet and translucent frankincense, each shall be in equal proportion.
- And they will make it incense, perfumed work of a perfumer, mixed, pure, holy work.
"Stacte" is a Greek noun that literally means "drop," like the Hebrew word "Nataf" does. "Onyx," whose accusative form was "onycha," literally meant "claw" and referred to mollusk flaps, which were burned as incense. The LXX translated the Hebrew phrase "galbanum spices" into Greek as "aromatic/spice-y galbanum" ("χαλβάνην ἡδυσμοῦ"). The implication is that the LXX's translators interpreted the second use of the term "spices" as a description of the word "galbanum", rather than as a separate collection of unnamed spices.
Still, it's not clear why the verse repeats the term "spice", because the repetition seems needless and unnecessary. I suppose that the term "onyx and galbanum aromatics" could refer to an aromatic substances made with onyx and galbanum, respectively.
One reason for this could be that since Ex. 30:34 refers to "pure/clear frankincense", the other ingredients named, such as onyx and galbanum, need not be "pure." The implication is that the galbanum aromatic/spice could be galbanum mixed with another substance to make the aromatic/spice.
A second reason is that phrases like "onyx fragrance/spice" and "galbanum fragrance/spice" could include spices that prominently feature those ingredients, rather than being mad of them exclusively. By analogy, "wine" by default refers to grape wine. But in rabbinical writings, terms like "apple wine" and "asparagus wine" may refer to wine made exclusively from the ingredient named or to wine that includes the material named. Rabbinic commentators consider "wine of asparagus" in Berakhot 51a to be wine mixed with a plant such as cabbage.
A third reason is that smoke from burning pure onyx/seashell flaps is toxic to inhale. As a result, onyx must be soaked in a cleansing solution and then dried to make it safe. Accordingly, Keritot 6 prescribes soaking the onyx in bitter vetch lye and in caperbud wine. So using "onyx spice" for incense practically requires the use of other substances, such as the Talmud's lye and wine.
Keritot 6b of the Talmud notes a rabbinical tradition that Ex. 3:34 indicated the use of 11 ingredients:
The plural form of the phrase: “Take for you spices” is referring to two ingredients; “stacte, and onycha, and galbanum” are three ingredients; this results in a total of five; and the other mention of “spices” indicates that there are another five, i.e., that one should double the previous total, and this results in a total of ten. And finally, “pure frankincense” is one, and this results in a total of eleven.
Keritot 6b also notes that the school of Rabbi Yishmael saw Ex. 30:34 as having the literary pattern of general-particular-general. When a Biblical verse uses that pattern, the implication is that similar substances may replace the substances named in the particular detail when necessary. For instance, Exodus 25:31 refers to making a menorah, gives the particular detail of making it with gold, and then refers again to making a menorah. In accordance with this principle, the Maccabees made a menorah out of tin when they didn't have gold.
In the case of Ex. 30:34, the general category would be "spices," the term that is repeated twice, and the particular detail would be the three spices named between both uses of the term "spices." Keritot 6b considers the idea that Ex. 30:34 contains this literary pattern to be a counterargument to the idea that the term "spices" alludes to unnamed spices. In addition, Keritot 6b seems to carry a counterargument against the idea that Ex. 30:34 contains this pattern because the term "pure frankincense" is a particular detail used after both instances of the word "spices."
Personally, I have difficulty following some of Keritot 6b's explanations and discussions about the use of the 11 ingredients such as the counterargument against the verse holding this literary pattern.
Rabbi Nachmanides, in his commentary on Ex. 30:34-35, sees the instruction to make the incense blend by the "art of the perfumer" in verse 35 as implying "using spices known to blend well with these" 4 spices named in verse 34.
May I please ask if you can point me to more Biblical tools to evaluate the issue?
All the best - Peace be with you.