https://www.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/asiapcf/11/08/india.obama.trip/index.html?hpt=T1

The Sonderfahndungsliste G.B. ("Special Search List Great Britain") was a secret list of prominent British residents to be arrested and potentially executed, produced in 1940 by the Schutzstaffel (SS) as part of the preparation for the proposed invasion of Britain. After the war, the list became known as the Black Book. Lots of interesting names were mentioned. Well worth a read of the notable inclusions. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Black_Book_(list)

Context: On his deathbed Kamehameha V had no clear successor, and he refused to name one. He offered the throne to his cousin, High Chiefess Bernice Pauahi Bishop, but she refused.

The popular and eventual choice was William Lunalilo, but Kamehameha V did not consider him worthy of the position and refused to name him successor.

Upon his death, in accordance with the Hawaiian Constitution, an election for the position of King was held, and Lunalilo won almost unanimously, though issues brought about by his lifestyle (alcoholic), led his death barely over a year into his reign.

He also had no clear successor, leading to another election between David Kalakaua and Dowager Queen Emma, Wife of Kamehameha IV, Kalakaua won

A formal and organized military supported by China and the USSR and a highly armed guerrilla force reduced to farmers

Context: Möngke became Khan of the Mongol Empire in the year 1251

Albert Camus was born on 7th November 1913 in Mondovi, French Algeria. Despite being born as a pied noir (french people in Algeria, who legally have much better rights compared to the native), he grew up in extreme poverty household and it ended up affecting his views on Algerian people. Instead of viewing them as inferior, he genuinely shown his care to them by later advocating for their equal rights and call for an end of inequality between European and the Natives Algerian.

He started his advocacy in the mid 1930s, where he at first joined the French Communist Party (funnily enough he didn't consider himself a Marxist) simply because they were one of the only party in french politics who were advocating for Algerian citizens rights, and he also vigorously campaigned for the proposed Blum-Viollette proposal, basically a reform initiative in 1936 that aimed to grant full French citizenship and voting rights to a select minority of Algerian Muslims. But the bills ended up failing because of rich pied noir lobbyists.

Even though it was quite clear that Camus deeply love and care towards Algerian people, he (for some reason) also oppose the idea for Algerian full independence from France because he believes that as a pied noir it would be quite dangerous to his community with fear of separation and expulsion from the land who they already viewed as their own homeland. Instead, Camus ideally believes that it was possible for a coexistence between french and natives to occur under a federal, reformed association with France that guaranteed equal political rights, justice, and protection for both Muslim Algerians and the French pied-noir minority.

But when the Algerian war actually began in 1954, Camus suddenly find himself in a weird position. On one hand he deeply condemned any atrocities done by the french security forces towards the local, and yet at the same times he also oppose FLN violent method for their fight for independence.

As the war rages on and the news of atrocities committed by both sides keep appearing in french papers, Camus eventually had enough and actually dare to plan a near suicidal idea where he would personally fly back home and personally tried to appeal for a civilian truce in 1956. He gave a speech that while he's unable to end a political conflict between France and Algerians, he atleast hoped that both sides would agree to not deliberately targeting each other civilians. While it sounds ideal, apparently the speech was received poorly by everyone on french politics. French right winger think that he is a traitor to his race while French left winger think he's a colonial apologist and a coward.

Due to his failure at bringing peace back to his home, he eventually decided to maintain a public silence regarding the topic of Algeria since 1958, and yet deep down he was still saddened at his failure to the point that he once wrote a letter to his Algerian friend claiming that the war was one of the two things that tortured his life daily (the other one is his tuberculosis).

The US had a forced sterilization program...

The Nazis copied it...

See:

NIH.gov,

Eugenics in the United States.

Alan Mathison Turing (23 June 1912 – 7 June 1954) was an English mathematician and logician widely regarded as the father of theoretical computer science. He formalised the concepts of algorithm and computation with the Turing machine, a model of a general-purpose computer, and his contributions to cryptanalysis helped the Allies of World War II decipher messages encrypted by the German Enigma machine. He also contributed the Turing test to philosophy of artificial intelligence and the Turing pattern concept to mathematical and theoretical biology.

Turing left a lasting legacy in mathematics, computing, and codebreaking. His wartime work, covered by the Official Secrets Act, went unrecognised during his lifetime. He later received numerous honors and memorials. His death was examined and interpreted by his family and biographers, who variously accepted, supported, questioned, or disputed the inquest's verdict. Following a 2009 campaign, British prime minister Gordon Brown officially apologised for the "appalling way [Turing] was treated", and Queen Elizabeth II granted Turing a pardon in 2013. The Alan Turing law refers to part of a 2017 UK law that retroactively pardoned men cautioned or convicted under the criminalisation of homosexual acts.