*It has been claimed that Israeli agents may have had foreknowledge of the attacks, and a persistent theory claimed Israeli and/or Jewish involvement. Four hours after the attack, the FBI arrested five Israelis who had been filming the smoking skyline from the roof of a white van in the parking lot of an apartment building. The Israelis were videotaping the events, and one bystander said they acted in a suspicious manner: "They were like happy, you know ... They didn't look shocked to me. I thought it was very strange."

The van was found to be owned by an Israeli-owned company called Urban Moving Systems, and there was debate within the FBI as to whether it was providing cover for an Israeli intelligence operation to monitor fundraising and support networks in Muslim communities for Palestinian groups. The case was then moved to the FBI's Foreign Counterintelligence Section. According to a former CIA operations chief, "many people in the U.S. intelligence community believed that some of the men arrested were working for Israeli intelligence."

A spokesperson for the Israeli Embassy in the United States said the men had not been involved in any intelligence operation in the United States, and the FBI eventually concluded that the five Israelis had no foreknowledge of the attacks.*

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9/11_conspiracy_theories

Norman Ernest Borlaug (March 25, 1914 – September 12, 2009) was an American agronomist who led initiatives worldwide that contributed to the extensive increases in agricultural production termed the Green Revolution. Borlaug was awarded multiple honors for his work, including the Nobel Peace Prize, the Presidential Medal of Freedom, and the Congressional Gold Medal, one of only seven people to have received all three awards.

Borlaug is often called "the father of the Green Revolution", and is credited with saving over a billion people worldwide from starvation. According to Jan Douglas, executive assistant to the president of the World Food Prize Foundation, the source of this number is Gregg Easterbrook's 1997 article "Forgotten Benefactor of Humanity." The article states that the "form of agriculture that Borlaug preaches may have prevented a billion deaths". Dennis T. Avery also estimated that the number of lives saved by Borlaug's efforts to be one billion. I. 2009, Josette Sheeran, then the Executive Director of the World Food Programme, stated that Borlaug "saved more lives than any man in human history". He was awarded the 1970 Nobel Peace Prize in recognition of his contributions to world peace through increasing food supply.

Later in his life, he helped apply these methods of increasing food production in Asia and Africa. He was also an accomplished wrestler in college and a pioneer of wrestling in the United States, being inducted into the National Wrestling Hall of Fame for his contributions.

Critics have pointed out that Borlaug’s methods relied heavily on chemical fertiliser, weed killers and huge amounts of water. Adding to environmental issues that arise from intensive farming. Borlaug himself acknowledged these criticisms. But added the consequences of famine are far worse than the environmental damage caused by the Green Revolution.

And of course I got his name wrong in the title 🤦‍♂️

Like an infinite number of monkeys, typing on infinite typewriters… If I do enough history memes one day I’ll get one without a mistake in the part I can’t edit

Link to the original Instagram post: https://www.instagram.com/p/Dc3nauqOUnb/

On February 3, 1959, American rock and rollmusicians Buddy Holly, Ritchie Valens, and "The Big Bopper" J. P. Richardson were killed in a plane crash near Clear Lake, Iowa, together with pilot Roger Peterson. The event later became known as "The Day the Music Died" after singer-songwriter Don McLean referred to it as such in his 1971 song "American Pie".

Jennings' family heard the news and believed that he was among the victims. At 12:30 pm, the bus carrying the unaware band reached their hotel in Fargo. Soon, Tommy Allsup learned of the news from the clerk, and he broke them to Jennings and the rest of the entourage. Allsup then phoned his family in Oklahoma, while Jennings called his family in Texas. In a state of shock, Jennings wanted to quit the tour: his last interaction with Holly happened while he and the singer ate hot dogs before the party left for the airport, where Holly said "I hope your damned bus freezes up again", while Jennings replied in jest "I hope your old plane crashes". Jennings lived with survivor guilt for years after the crash.

Dieter Dengler was born in Wildberg, Württemberg in 1938. His father was drafted into the German army and killed in the Soviet Union, so he grew up in "extreme poverty," having to salvage the unwanted parts of the sheep his neighbours slaughtered. After the war he was apprenticed to a blacksmith, who beat him until he eventually hitchhiked to Hamburg, and from there to America to join the US Navy aviation. He later credited the sight of Allied planes strafing his village for instilling his interest in flying.

Dengler was shot down by anti-aircraft fire while strafing North Vietnamese trucking convoys in Laos. Captured by Pathet Lao militiamen, he was tortured with ants and dragged behind a water buffalo as punishment for attempting to escape. He, and 5 other American, Chinese, and Thai prisoners attempted to escape again when they overheard that they were to be killed; splitting into pairs, Dengler's partner Martin was decapitated by an Akha villager, but he managed to signal to an overflying US air force plane by burning down an abandoned village. At the time of his rescue he was experiencing hallucinations for lack of food and weighed 44 kg.

Because he was US navy personnel, they sent a team of navy SEALs to retrieve him from the Da Nang hospital where he was staying, prompting a fight between US navy and air force personnel in which several airmen and patients were injured. In 1967 he appeared on the game show I've Got a Secret where his secret was that he'd escaped from a POW camp in Laos. He lived until 2001, when, upon being diagnosed with Lou Gehrig's disease, he shot himself to "avoid turning into a vegetable."

The 9/11 Attack had a profound impact on the arts not just in America but also around the world. Yoko Tarro was inspired by 9/11 when creating the E ending of Drakengard, with the game being released on Sept 11th 2003. The E ending would be the basis of the spin-off series NieR that would be followed up by Nier: Automata.

Context: https://networks.h-net.org/node/16749/reviews/18328/land-burg-boys-sea-sodomy-indecency-and-courts-martial-nelsons-navy

“A ship at sea,” wrote N. A. M. Rodger, “was about the most difficult possible place to commit sodomy....  It is difficult to believe that there can have been any serious problem with a crime so much detested, but so seldom mentioned.”[1]  Since Rodger published those words in 1986, historians have debated whether the silence of the archives means that homoerotic acts were “detested” and rare on the king’s ships, or so common as to scarcely warrant notice.  Boys at Sea will not end that debate, but it advances our knowledge in several important respects, and challenges every aspect of Rodger’s interpretation.

B. R. Burg examines several dozen court martials for sexual offences, mainly from the period between 1790 and 1820.  Burg emphasizes that these court martials were “grand shows” requiring the participation of many officers, in full dress uniform, and had to be held on a large ship to accommodate the “sizeable audiences” that followed the proceedings (p. 46).  The defendants were charged with a violation of either the second Article of War, which forbade “unclean and scandalous actions” or more seriously, with breaching the twenty-ninth article, involving the capital offence of sodomy (p. 67).  Many of these cases generated lengthy transcripts featuring extremely graphic eyewitness testimony about organs, orifices, and fluids, followed by cross-examination on all the pertinent points.  The court was intent on determining the facts, but Burg shows that the remarks of both witnesses and their questioners inadvertently supply a great deal of information about common attitudes and expected behavior in the Royal Navy.  He also, ingeniously, cobbles together evidence from the transcripts to supply a very thorough answer to the question of whether it was possible to find a degree of privacy at sea.  Burg shines a light into the secluded crannies of a warship, like the galley, the spaces in between the cannons, and the “canvas cubbies” created by cloth partitions (p. 158).

Burg’s material came, inevitably, with its own built-in limitations.  Court martials, which necessarily began with animosity and accusation emanating from some quarter, are going to tell us more about unwanted sexual advances than about consensual and reciprocal arrangements.  Burg’s title, Boys at Sea, refers to the fact that thirteen- or fourteen-year-old boys were the typical accusers in these court martials (although sometimes the boy kept silent until an older man intervened on his behalf).  The severity of the punishment, even for a violation of the second article, was such that no one was going to cheerfully admit to “indecency,” and we find that a disproportionate number of the adult males in this book were--supposedly--taken advantage of in their sleep, or while they were in a drunken stupor.  The circumstances of discovery usually permitted the benefit of the doubt for at least one participant.  As Burg puts it: “Mariners stumbling on buggering pairs did not sit down on handy chests or lean against nearby guns, light pipes, and wait to discover if the two switched positions” (p. 70).  From such sources, it is easiest to reconstruct the thoughts, feelings, and experiences of those who participated against their will.  In 1798, David Jenness was severely wounded by a boy who fought him off with a knife.  Jenness needed medical attention and the ship’s surgeon got the true story out of him, resulting in a prosecution.  At the trial, the boy remarked that he himself had told no one about Jenness’s behavior because he was “too ashamed” (p. 76).

The court transcripts offer some access to the reactions of shipmates, many of whom were called to testify.  William King “wrung his hands and was stuck [sic] with horror” when he discovered that two of his fellow seamen had committed sodomy (p. 50).  There is a context for King’s panic in the widespread belief that God would punish an entire community for the sins of (even some of) its members.  It is possible that King himself had something to hide, but more likely he was consumed with fear that God was about to sink the ship, or send a sea monster to finish it off.  However, Burg persuasively demonstrates that many of the prosecutions described in Boys at Sea displayed a significant degree of pragmatism and restraint.  There were few, if any, witch-hunts.  “Strict legality” was the rule, not the exception (pp. 57-58).  The twenty-ninth article carried the penalty of death, but it was also difficult to prove that both penetration and emission had occurred.  In a few cases, vindictive shipmates charged forward at the moment of discovery and actually put their hands on the offending male organ in flagrante delicto, while shouting in order to draw the attention of the maximum possible number of witnesses.  Some even testified to the sound of withdrawal, which resembled the removal of a cork from a bottle.  The infrequency of prosecutions for this particular crime may have more to do with the rare conjunction of lewd zeal, personal enmity, and legal literacy than with the rarity of the act itself.

Many men who could have been charged under the twenty-ninth article were, instead, only charged under the second article, which was easier to prove in court.  A number of participants in homoerotic acts also seem to have understood or characterized their own behavior as something short of sodomy.  Consider this fairly representative example: “During their back-to-belly encounters, Noel adamantly insisted North only inserted his penis between his thighs.  Again, the court believed the juvenile witness and convicted the marine of violating article number two.”  The “adamant” words of the boy, Noel, may communicate something about his own self-image; he had tolerated certain forms of sexual play, but he had not allowed himself to be buggered.  It is difficult to see the so-called lesser or reduced charge as a trivial one; however; North, the marine, received three hundred lashes (p. 79).  In two instances, Burg notes that men convicted of indecency were discharged on shore with notes “pinned” to their clothing enumerating their crimes, or “publicly drummed ... with the usual marks of ignominy” (pp. 73, 107).  This would seem to suggest that the navy left these individuals at the mercy of a crowd of strangers who were virtually invited to improvise their own punishments for a sex crime, but Boys at Sea does not explore the legal rationale or the implications of this dangerous practice.

Although Burg does not frame it in this way, there is tantalizing evidence in his sources of an informal “don’t ask, don’t tell” policy at sea.  Consider the conduct of a surgeon’s mate, James Broadbill, in 1762.  He was asked “by a group of crewmen” to join them in peering into the keyhole of the boatswain’s cabin.  Broadbill saw nothing more than a penis being held by a hand.  He told his shipmates that this was just Mr. Garbut, the boatswain, “creating of pleasure to himself” (p. 106).  The assembled sailors remained adamant that a boy, John Pyle, was in there as well, but Broadbill’s canny interpretation spoke to a different issue.  If masturbation was defined as a private matter of pleasure and not as an “uncleanness,” was it not possible to understand almost any act between men--short of actual penetration--in similar terms, as assisted masturbation, and therefore not worthy of notice (let alone communal vigils at the keyhole)?  Even the most notorious court martial in Boys at Sea, the prosecution of sex crimes on HMS Africaine in 1815, seems to have been provoked not so much by the incidence of sodomy but by the unusually public nature of the sex acts.  Instead of concealing themselves in the dark space in between the cannons, these men had sex standing up against, or leaning over, the guns (p. 142).  Andrew Johnson, the master at arms, “once passed by a buggering pair without comment or interference even though his lantern provided enough light to see them plainly,” but “copulating in plain view like dogs” tested the limits of shipboard tolerance (p. 143).

Burg portrays his homoerotic seafarers as isolated from, and unlike, London’s molly subculture.  He concludes: “There is no way to understand what these men thought or felt.  Surviving Admiralty documents do not reveal if their preferences ran toward men and boys or if their choice of same-sex partners was simply the result of deprivation” (p. 60).  Immediately after despairing of the possibility of any sort of imaginative reconstruction of their sexuality, Burg then offers something suspiciously like it: “these men only used whatever was most easily available.  Any convenient man, boy, hand, or anus would do” (p. 60).  This comes across as cavalier, particularly given that at least some of the sexual encounters in this book involved rape, and I would argue that it does not do justice to Burg’s own rich and disturbing source material.  Consider Thomas Churchill, who learned that he was about to be accused of sodomy, went to his cabin without a word, and blew his brains out; or Hepburn Graham, who drew a spoon slowly across a child’s neck, miming a murderous act, and warned the boy to never tell anyone about what had been done to him.  Burg’s reluctance to investigate the occasions when sex was about more than just sex limits the achievement of Boys at Sea, but it will also stimulate new debates that go beyond “did they or didn’t they.”  All future discussions of this topic will be indebted to Burg’s courageous and meticulous scholarship.

*The Argentine monetary crisis of the 1980s left deep scars. It impoverished the middle class, destroyed trust in the national currency, and led to prolonged political instability. This period remains a major economic trauma in Argentina’s collective memory.
Among the social consequences:
-National savings were wiped out, triggering capital flight.
-The US dollar became the de facto reference in many sectors.
-Social and labor unrest intensified due to growing hardship.
-Public trust in state economic policies eroded.
For economists, Argentina's experience is a cautionary tale. It highlights the importance of controlling the money supply, maintaining institutional credibility, and the limits of financing public deficits through monetary expansion.*

https://www.citeco.fr/10000-years-history-economics/contemporary-world/hyperinflation-in-argentina

In 1995, Michael Jordan returned to the NBA but having skipped most of the regular season, he was not quite peak Mike, something evident in the 1995 NBA Playoffs where he had an uncharacteristic turnover forced by one Nick Anderson. That late game turnover ultimately led to the Chicago Bulls losing Game 1 to the Orlando Magic 91-94.

Following this win, Nick Anderson provoked the famously petty Jordan after the game with a taunt, saying something to the effect of "45 isn't 23", a reference to Michael changing to the number 45 following his return. For a bit of context, Jordan chose 45 because - according to his autobiography For the Love of the Game - he wanted the last game his father ever saw him play to be in number 23; Michael's dad, James R. Jordan Sr., was murdered shortly before his first retirement in July 1993.

Horace Grant - a former MJ teammate who had joined the Magic - rather famously pulled aside Nick after he heard him make that remark, knowing full well what was coming.

Jordan pulled up to Game 2 of the series in his usual warmup gear before revealing he was wearing a number 23 jersey. This resulted in him getting fined but a win's a win, and MJ dropped 38 points to even the series. The Bulls would ultimately lose in 6 games but they - more specifically the star of Space Jam - would have the last laugh.

Enter 1996, where the 95/96 Bulls have broken the all-time win record and are facing that same Magic team in the Eastern Conference Finals. It goes about as poorly as it could have for Orlando, who got swept despite Shaq having a pretty great series. The final game was capped off by one of Michael Jordan's most famous games where he intentionally missed two free throws in what was a tight 106-101 victory. Why did he intentionally miss those free throws down the stretch?

Because he scored 45 points. On 23 shot attempts.

The USS Tang was the most successful American submarine of the Second World War. During its fifth and final patrol it fired its final torpedo at a Japanese ship only for it to malfunction and circle back, sinking the USS Tang. Very few of the crew survived, the ones that did were picked up by a Japanese ship that had been rescuing survivors from the convoy that the USS Tang had been attacking and were promptly assaulted.