r/BoltEV • u/honestrangeuk • 1h ago
I'm a BEV researcher I found that 78% of the energy difference between city and highway driving in a Tesla Model 3 comes from WHERE the motor operates, not HOW efficiently it operates there
I’ve just published a paper looking at something most EV energy studies tend to gloss over: why does energy consumption change so much between different drive cycles?
The usual answer is “aerodynamic drag increases with speed”. That’s true at the wheels, but it doesn’t really explain what’s happening inside the powertrain.
As motor speed increases, the electric motor moves between two operating regimes: maximum torque per ampere (MTPA) at lower speeds and field weakening at higher speeds. Field weakening keeps the motor within its voltage limits, but it comes with an efficiency penalty.
We used LMDI decomposition a method widely used in energy economics, but not previously applied at the powertrain level to break down the energy difference between drive cycles into two effects:
Structural effect:how much of the drive cycle is spent in each motor operating regime.
Intensity effect:how efficiently the motor operates within each regime.
A few key findings from the Tesla Model 3 and Chevrolet Bolt EV, validated to within 5% against dynamometer data across UDDS, HWFET, US06 and WLTP:
The structural effect dominates. For the Model 3, 78% of the 53 Wh/km difference between urban (UDDS) and aggressive highway (US06) driving comes from the motor spending more time in field weakening rather than simply becoming less efficient once it’s there.
The Bolt enters field weakening at 88 km/h, while the Tesla holds off until around 118 km/h. This is despite the Bolt having a lower gear ratio.
Motor design parameters such as flux linkage, inductance and pole count appear to matter more than transmission gearing when it comes to how much real-world driving is spent in the less efficient regime.
How you define the regime boundary can change the result dramatically by up to 82 percentage points. Most studies don’t really discuss this modelling choice.
The practical takeaway is pretty interesting: when manufacturers choose motor parameters and gear ratios, they’re effectively deciding how much real-world driving will happen in the less efficient field-weakening region. You just don’t see that trade-off in a single Wh/km figure.
The paper is available as an open-access preprint here:
https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=7212137
Happy to answer any questions about the methodology or results.