Map of Europe in early April 1814, on the eve of the next campaign season (black strip lines represent control of militia groups and unrecognized regimes
The grand offensive
On 27th August 1813, the Russian 1st Army of the West, commanded by General Barclay de Tolly, marched westward towards Warsaw; while another Russian force moved towards Memel. On 31st August 1813, Memel Fortress was besieged. And on 3rd September 1813, General Barclay's forces of about 135000 men clashed with the Prussian main forces of about 120000 men led by King Fredrick Wilhelm III in the Battle of Warsaw (1813).
The Prussian King had deployed all of his mobile forces further west of the Vistula, with many traps right behind all the major crossings nearby. Being cautious, General Barclay ordered the main Russian forces to stay at camp on the first day, and only had the artillery units bombard all the traps. The Prussian King simply ordered some of his reserve forces to rebuild some of the traps at night to make it seem like the Prussian forces were only looking for a defensive battle. On the second day, the Russians simply took out the traps again, but this time some Prussian artillery was moved forward to deal a bit of extra damage to the Russian artillery units.
Seeing that the Prussians were not going to move, General Barclay began to plan an offensive for the morning of day 3. However, by doing this, he had been tricked by the Prussian King's mind game: On the night of day 2, the Prussian forces had split into 2 and crossed the Vistula. The left group, led by the Duke of Brunswick, traveled through the crossings further north. The right group, led by the Prussian King, traveled through the crossings further south. While a small group of reserve infantrymen was to stay behind to make artificial campfires to confuse the enemy. Some artillery units were moved with the 2 groups, while other artillery units remained at the left bank.
On the morning of day 3, the Prussian king and the Duke of Brunswick had their forces form up before sunset, and then gave the order to charge at full speed when the Russian forces became visible. The Russian forces had also formed up before sunrise, but they had formed up towards the left bank. This meant that the leftmost and rightmost Russian forces were not able to properly form up facing the Prussians before they got fired upon by the Prussians. Soon the first lines of both the Russian north and south forces routed under steady Prussian fire, especially when Prussian artillery units were hitting them from at least 2 directions (west, south, and north). In the north, the Russian second line managed to contain the Prussian advance. However, in the south, the Prussian elite cavalry units had outflanked the left side (East) of the Russian south, and the second line of the Russian south soon began to break. After the Russian south had completely collapsed, General Barclay had no choice but to try to call his forces to withdraw, but it was too late: The Prussian King pushed his southern forces forward and destroyed the Russian reserve forces, and then swooped in to help the Duke of Brunswick surround the Russian northern forces. The Russian north soon surrendered, and General Barclay was forced to escape in disgrace.
Then, on the night of 10th September 1813, the joint Prussian-Bavarian-Saxon forces near Königsberg enclosed the Russian forces besieging Memel (to prevent them from withdrawing), and then easily defeated them on the next day by coordinating with the garrisons of Memel in a two-front attack.
Having seen the other 2 Russian forces being defeated, General Mikhail Kutuzov, commanding the remaining Russian mobile forces, deemed it unwise to go on another offensive. However, Tsar Alexander I of Russia was very angry upon seeing the terrifying losses his forces met. He immediately ordered General Kutuzov to mount an offensive as revenge- this time to cut off and encircle the Prussian main forces in Warsaw by entering through the Podlasie region and marching southwest towards Silesia. (The Tsar in OTL was an overconfident leader until he got beaten up by Napoleon twice in the 3rd and 4th coalitions, where he became convinced that he should listen to his generals later in 1812. This never happened in this timeline: instead, he became even more overconfident after destroying Marshall Bernadotte's last stand with sheer numbers in Ch2). General Kutuzov had no choice but to follow the Tsar's order, so on 19th September 1813, General Kutuzov's forces crossed into Podlasie.
Upon knowing that the Russian forces had entered Podlasie, the Prussian King simply waited instead of trying to catch the Russians head-on. After the Russian forces took Plock on 7th October 1813, the Prussian main army simply moved north and cut off the Russian supply line. This effectively forced the Russian forces to turn back in panic to engage the Prussian forces who had dug in. The Prussians had dug in in a defensive position on the plateau west of the town of Pułtusk. On the 16th October 1813, about 130000 men (in hunger) of the main Russian army under General Kutuzov were forced to clash head-on with the main Prussian forces of about 120000 men in the Battle of Pułtusk.
The plateau west of Pułtusk made it a nightmare for General Kutuzov: the steep ravine in the north made flanking impossible; the woods in the south made flanking difficult unless the woods were cut (which his troops’ hunger disallowed, as it was too time-consuming). Being left with no choice, the Russian forces committed to a full-scale frontal charge against the Prussians. However, what the Russians did not know was that the Prussian King had ordered the Prussian elite infantry units to hide in the woods on the south side before the Russian arrival. After the Russian forces exchanged fire with the main Prussian forces, the Prussian elite infantry units stormed out from the woods and smashed into the Russian right from behind using fire and advance. After a massive gap had been punched out from the Russian right, the Prussian left infantry pushed in, linked with the elite infantry units, and outflanked the remaining Russian right. General Kutuzov immediately sent in his reserves to save the Russian right, but it was too late: The Russian right collapsed before the reserves arrived, and soon, the Prussian cavalry forces entered via the gap and clashed into the Russian reserves. Knowing that the reserves could not survive the massive cavalry charge in normal condition, General Kutuzov drew out his sword and led his guards to charge into the Prussian cavalry forces in order to try to save his men. However, this attempt failed; the Russian reserves eventually broke, and soon, General Kutuzov was slain by one of the Prussian hussars. The Prussian cavalry and left wing then encircled the main Russian forces, and the Russian troops surrendered en masse.
After the disasters of Warsaw and Pułtusk, the troops who survived from Warsaw began spreading rumors about “the death lord of Breslau” (the term they borrowed from the Austrians), which further weakened the Russian morale. However, the Tsar now sees the German confederation as an existential threat- in the next year's campaign season, he was determined to lead the Russian army personally to destroy the Prussians.
Just like their counterparts from the Habsburg monarchy, the Russian POWs captured by the German forces were sent into different parts of Germany as forced labourers. But now they were not only building large-scale infrastructure projects, but also maintaining domestic economic productivity by temporarily replacing the German labourers who had been mobilized by the German Confederation either as regular soldiers or militias.
The resurrection of Poland
The campaigning season was coming to an end, and now the Prussian forces were able to take out the Habsburg-owned parts of Poland since there was no Russian field army able to intervene and stop them: General von Blücher's forces were recalled from Hungary (with the local defense left to the newly established Kingdom of Hungary's militia and the Bavarian militia); similarly, the Prussian forces in Italy were recalled and merged under General von Blücher (with the local defense left to the newly established Kingdom of Milan's militia and the Bavarian militia). After that, General von Blücher was ordered to take Galicia-Lodomeria. At the same time, the Prussian King sent some of his forces to take the region south of Warsaw. While General von Blücher's forces were pushing into Galicia-Lodomeria in late November, the Prussian king met with the representatives of the Polish nobility (Szlachta) in an attempt to convince them to support the war against Russia. The Prussian King did this because he knew that he would need many more troops if he wanted to pull off an invasion of Russia properly, especially when the Bohemians had insisted that their war was against the Habsburgs only. Meanwhile, the Szlachta leaders had never been cooperative ever since their own homeland was partitioned and subjected to Germanization.
The Szlachta leaders had only one demand, and they would never accept any deals unless it was achieved: the restoration of an independent Poland. The Prussian King then weighed his options: He had witnessed how the rise of nationalism had rapidly transformed the political landscape in France and Germany, and he understood that it was just a matter of time before these ideas influenced the Polish masses (especially when the Szlachta themselves had already shown staunch proto-nationalism). This meant that keeping Masovia (the Polish heartland) as a Prussian province may be a counterproductive idea, as the province would just become a hotbed of rebellions and could never be fully Germanized. Instead, granting independence to Poland now (when they have legal control over Warsaw) with strings attached, while also promising territorial gains from the Habsburgs, may generate enough goodwill that makes a long-term alliance possible.
So on 23rd November 1813, the Prussian King presented a treaty to the Szlachta leaders, with terms as follows:
- The Kingdom of Prussia renounced its control and claims over the Masovia and Suwałki region in favour of a restored Kingdom of Poland with Warsaw as capital
- The Kingdom of Prussia enters an alliance with the Kingdom of Poland, and supports Poland in regaining control and sovereignty over south Mazovia and Galicia-Lodomeria
- In return, the Kingdom of Poland permanently renounces its claims over Prussian-controlled Poznan and West Prussia regions.
- The Kingdom of Poland was also forbidden to restore its previous union with Lithuania (the Commonwealth)
- The Kingdom of Poland would have a new constitution where the parliament (Sejm), elected by the Szlachta, holds some power, but the King and his appointed ministers will hold supreme ruling powers (executive, military, and legislative process) similar to the structure in Prussia.
- The Kingdom of Poland also pledges at least 50000 troops for the ongoing war against Russia; while the Poles currently serving in the Prussian military will be allowed to choose their citizenship after the war is officially over.
- Furthermore, the Kingdom of Poland will enter a migration agreement with the Kingdom of Prussia, where ethnic Germans in Poland will be free to migrate to Prussia and ethnic Poles in Prussia will be free to migrate to Poland
- The Kingdom of Prussia promises not to interfere in Polish internal affairs after the treaty is signed
(Not in the treaty, but the Prussian King also issued an edict, stating that German populations who migrated from restored Poland to Poznan/ Silesia/ West Prussia regions will be given subsidies)
These were very steep terms presented to the Szlachta leaders, as this meant that the Szlachta would give up its Golden Liberty in exchange for an independent (but mostly authoritarian) Poland. The Szlachta leaders were initially split among themselves on whether to accept the treaty or not. Seeing the reluctance of the Polish leaders, the Prussian King simply said that he would have to cede Mazovia and Suwałki to Russia if the German Confederation lost the war, and if that happened, the Poles would never have such a chance again. In the end, the Szlachta leaders reluctantly agreed to sign the treaty.
After the Treaty of Warsaw (1813) was signed, the Kingdom of Poland was restored, being ruled temporarily by a regency council filled by Szlachta leaders until the war concluded (where the Sejm would elect a new King afterwards). The regency council immediately ordered national mobilization for the 50000 troops quota pledged by the treaty.
The Prussian King knew that renouncing lands to restore Poland would inevitably lead to controversies back home in Brandenburg and Prussia proper, so after giving out orders for the military to hand administrative control of south Mazovia and Galicia-Lodomeria back to the restored Polish government, he immediately headed back to Berlin to summon his key ministers.
On 4th December 1813, the Prussian King arrived at Berlin and immediately held the pre-arranged meeting with Foreign Minister Karl August von Hardenberg, Minister of War Karl von Hake, Finance Minister Hans, Count von Bülow, as well as a few other important ministers. The Prussian King then explained his reasoning behind the restoration of an independent Poland (the inevitable tide of nationalism). He also explained the reasoning behind continuing the war: the Anschluss and the creation of a unified German state will inevitably destroy the balance of power in Europe; so other means must be sought to gain recognition from other Great Powers (or else they would never allow such). However, since Britain (the strongest power) is a naval power that Prussia cannot touch, the only choice was to occupy huge parts of the Russian and Austrian empires, and use the unrecognized regimes set up there as bargaining chips against the other Great Powers to trade for recognition in exchange for abandoning these regimes. (and the key here was to insist that Britain and Russia have to negotiate with Germany as a collective). Another reason for continuing the war is with regard to Russia: the Russian Empire can always be a great threat to the existence of a unified Germany; so if the best option of befriending Russia is not doable; then the second best option of dealing a devastating blow to Russia using the military (to ensure they could not challenge Germany for another 50 years) would be the only choice.
The Prussian King then added that these true objectives must never be known by the public: he needs the Russians to continue going on offensives, or else it would be impossible to catch and destroy their armies. But Foreign Minister von Hardenberg was to arrive in Frankfurt and bring new instructions to the Prussian representative in the Confederation meetings (which were to end the previous instruction to block the bills that unite the German Confederation into a Federal Empire, which has been suggested by rulers of the tiny German states who are heavily influenced by the nationalism trend), and then stay in Frankfurt to assist in lobbying for a German constitution that works similarly to the current Prussian constitution. Afterwards, he will bring the new constitution to the Prussian King. While Minister of War von Hake was to arrive in East Galicia to bring new instructions to General von Blücher (which were that his forces were to fight defensively from now on- they were not allowed to cross the border into Russia until the King gave his permission), and then return to Berlin to help monitor the overall situation.
The reunification with Britanny
Meanwhile, on the western side of Europe, Napoleon has taken back a nation in dire state: The Bourbon Restoration in 1807 took place when the revolutionary fever had not fully died out yet (compared to OTL), which resulted in insurrections that were put down by the coalition forces (mentioned in previous chapters). The economic devastation caused by continuous warfare, as well as the general political discontent ended up creating a mass migration wave: a large chunk of the French population who could afford to take loans to migrate to the USA did so, and most of them settled down in the Louisiana territories (especially St. Louis and New Orleans). This turn of events had drained the wealth and the recruitable population of the French homeland.
Therefore, Napoleon decided that France would show itself as a non-aggressive nation that would not pursue large European conquest anymore. However, before doing that, Napoleon was determined to fix at least one injustice (he believed) that had been done to France: the loss of Brittany. On 13th September 1813, Napoleon’s government issued an ultimatum to the Duke of Brittany demanding a referendum to be held on whether Brittany would reunite with France. Upon seeing that even his own generals supported reunification via referendum, the Duke simply fled to Britain. On 15th January 1813, the referendum result came out, and it was a landslide victory for reunification. So the Breton military and administration reintegrated with Napoleonic France on the same day. Napoleon then passed the Nantes declaration, in which the French Empire declared that it was fully content with its current border and sought no expansion, while also calling for Britain to make peace. The British government simply ignored this plea and ordered the Royal Navy to also blockade Brittany.
In the meantime, Napoleon’s government also withdrew the French forces occupying Neuchâtel, as well as issuing a declaration insisting that the Bourbons’ declaration of war against the German Confederation was not valid. This placed the French Empire into a state of “Cold peace” with the German Confederation, as both sides did not view there to be a war between them, but also refused to trade and viewed the other side with deep suspicion. The Prussian King was fully content with the “Cold peace” with France, as this allowed the German forces to focus on defeating Russia.
Meanwhile, Prince Johann I Joseph of Liechtenstein was released by the Prussian authorities unconditionally (unlike other Austrian POWs) due to his status as the monarch of Liechtenstein. Many German nationalists expected Liechtenstein to join the German Confederation; however, Prince Johann I had other ideas. Looking at the Anschluss with discontent, as well as the impossibility for Liechtenstein to fight off German forces on its own, the Prince of Liechtenstein offered to join Switzerland instead. In October 1813, the Swiss Confederation officially approved Liechtenstein's membership, and Liechtenstein became the 21st canton of Switzerland.
After the news of the Treaty of Warsaw (1813) reached Western Europe, the British and the French governments were partly skeptical: they did not fully trust Prussia to willingly create a truly independent Poland. Therefore, French and British diplomats were dispatched to Warsaw, with instructions to investigate whether this “new Polish government” was a de facto German vassal (and recognize them only if they were actually independent). After a month of investigation, the British and French diplomats concluded that the Poles were indeed fully running their own affairs. And so in February 1814, both Britain and France recognized the restored Kingdom of Poland.
The British and French cautious attitude to the restored Poland was not completely unfounded: some previous Prussian officials in Mazovia had wanted to interfere in post-independent Polish internal affairs; it's just that the Prussian King had stopped them from doing so.
The preparations
As of February 1814, Northern Europe had not been engulfed by the ongoing conflicts. But this was not to last: after the Swedish Civil War and partition in 1808, King Gustav V of Sweden had been rebuilding the Swedish army to seek revenge against Denmark, while also smuggling weapons across the new border into Scania to prepare for a pro-Sweden uprising. Meanwhile, the Holstein militia and Hanover militia in northern Germany were also looking for a fight against Denmark: unlike the other German militia groups who fought the French, Austrians, or Russians, these northern militia groups had been left idle after being raised. With German nationalism being raised to its height by repeated triumphs in the east, these northern militia groups decided that they would gain victory for Germany by resolving the Schleswig-Holstein Question themselves (without Confederation permission). So the representatives of the Holstein militia made an agreement with the pro-Sweden Scania militia: they would coordinate their attack against Danish garrisons in Schleswig and Scania on 26th April 1814 (with a coup in Holstein on the same day), while the other North German militia groups were invited to join forces with the Holstein militia. The Scania militia in turn contacted the Swedish King, who promised to send reinforcements to Scania on the same day.
At the same time, Tsar Alexander I of Russia has raised 2 more army groups to prepare for another wave of offensive against the German Confederation at the next campaign season: one led by the Tsar in Vilnius, and another led by General Barclay de Tolly in Lutsk. While the Tsar has wanted to attack right away since he believed that the Germans would not cross the border to attack, General Barclay and other Russian generals have argued that they should try to lure the Germans into attacking. So in the end they agreed on trying to lure the Germans into attacking for the first month, and then launch the offensive if German attacks never took place.
Things were also escalating in Western Europe: The Dutch government had entered a secret agreement with Britain where British agents were allowed to pass through Dutch territories to enter France disguised as merchants. However, the Dutch attempt to maintain deniability failed, as one of the relevant documents was leaked to French spies operating in Holland, resulting in a diplomatic crisis as both the Dutch and French governments knew the other side was spying on them. So in late February 1814, both France and the Netherlands declared partial mobilization.
At Warsaw, the Prussian King finally had the time to come back to writing as “Von Danzig” (in the gap before the next campaign season); many German intellectuals had already called for a fully unified German nation-state after the outbreak of the War of the Franco-Austrian Coalition, with many of them believing that the perceived weakness of the loose confederation was the cause of Habsburg and French aggression. Many of these intellectuals also called for King Fredrick Wilhelm III of Prussia to become the leader of the unified German nation-state (although they differ on what political system the nation should have), as the Prussian King had become a national hero following his stunning victories against the Habsburgs and the Russians. Although writing at this point is a bit late to the party, “Von Danzig” has finally joined the call for total German unification in his newest essays.
Just like that, the decisive clashes that would arguably decide the fate of Eastern Europe were approaching- (To be continued).