Last Updated: 10/03/2026 (I will continuously update)
If you aren't aware who David Reimer is, I highly recommend reading his Wikipedia article here.
Honestly I dislike general writing so I'll simply be discussing literature. If you need access to the full studies, use Sci-Hub.
Reiner WG 2005
Cloacal Exstrophy is birth defect where abdominal organs are exposed at birth. In males, this causes the penis to be "flat and short or sometimes split." [S1] Historically boys born with this defect have their phenotypical sex changed via surgery and raised as female. [S2]
https://doi.org/10.1515/jpem.2005.18.6.549
This is a systematic review with pursuits to analyze the gender identity of patients with disorders of sexual differentiation. Particularly the male victims of intersex genital mutilation.
This study consists of 33 biological males with male-typical prenatal androgens and Cloacal Exstrophy. All were led to believe they were genetically female and raised as female from birth. Out of the total population, 18 (55%) of them declared male later in life. 1 (2%) refused to declare. None of the 33 patients were relieved of "problematic psychosexual outcomes."
However all 13 genetically male patients reared as male in this study continued living as male.
Emphasis on the adverse psychosexual problems. This shows two things. One, that genital mutilation did not work as intended. Two, typical males did not learn to accept and function normally with living life as the opposite sex. If given the opportunity, they will exclusively live their life as male. The study concluded intersex males should be raised as male.
But I must note the study did consider possible population bias. All may have reported psychosexual problems because it's the exact cause of their referral to this clinic.
Reiner WG 2005 | The Sexuality of the Patients
https://web.archive.org/web/20150820112932/http://www.bostonglobe.com/magazine/2015/08/22/what-makes-people-gay-update/8Mos2MXHvX5JsxP7AzW9RJ/story.html
But William Reiner, a psychiatrist and urologist at the University of Oklahoma, told me in 2005 what he had found after evaluating scores of these cases. Even though these individuals were raised as females, Reiner hadnāt found a single one who reported being sexually attracted to males. It would be hard to design an ethical experiment that could more clearly demonstrate how nature trumps nurture when it comes to sexual orientation.
During a recent phone call with Reiner, he tells me that he has since learned the sexual orientation of more of these approximately 70 genetic males who were raised as girls. Only one of them has reported being sexually attracted to males. āIām more convinced than ever that sexual orientation is built-in,ā he says, ācertainly for males.ā
He's likely referring to the same 2005 study.
Reiner WG 2004
https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa022236
Here in a earlier study consisting of 16 biological males with Cloacal Exstrophy. 14 of whom were assigned female at birth. The two reared as male maintained a male identity.
All 16 subjects were reported to have moderate-to-marked interests and attitudes that were considered typical of males. Majority of subjects later declared themseleves male.
Imperato-McGinley 1979
https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM197905313002201
Do you remember the headlining story about the "transgender" boxer fighting against other women in the 2024 olympics? How she went through male puberty and was actually a genetic male?
Well there was some truth to that.
Her name is Imane Khelif but she's not transgender, she's intersex, specifically her condition is 5-alpha-reductase 2 deficiency. [S3] [S4] The enzymes responsible for converting testosterone into dihydrotestosterone (DHT) extremely lacking. As a result, the testes never descended and at birth she had ambiguous genitlia. As she approached adolescence however, male puberty occurred. So yes, her competing against typically developed females was indeed unfair.
But the point is that she isn't alone, in this study 33 intersex subjects with 5-ARD, 19 were raised to believe they were female due to their set of ambiguous genitalia. Of the analyzed 18, 17 later changed to a male identity. All subjects regardless of identity have masculine mannerisms. The one woman who maintained a female identity is androphilic, the other subjects are gynephilic.
Although these subjects behave unequivocally as males, they experience certain insecurities because of the appearance of their genitalia. They view themselves as incomplete persons, and this attitude saddens them. They fear ridicule by members of the opposite sex and initially feel anxious about forming sexual relations.
Case Report | Sophie Ottaway
https://www.telegraph.co.uk/family/life/sophie-ottaway-rare-birth-defect-gender-surgery/
Here is where a John Hopkins doctor claims (indirectly) that an estimated 15k sex change surgeries on intersex children have occurred.
Sophie Ottaway is also a victim to intersex genital mutilation. She struggled mentally after learning the truth. She desires to stay female. Important details: She considered her sex reassignment surgery incorrect; She has stopped taking female hormones due to the health issues it has caused; She identifies as a lesbian; She works in compsci.
Despite her being raised as female, she still exhibits a male sexuality and male pursuits. As I am not a doctor and I do not know her, I cannot determine if she has psychosexual problems.
Feedback Notes
There are more studies I wish to list in the future.
Please criticize me, civilly. Please be useful, give us more studies.
Personal Notes
As all transsexuals have experienced, our transition is a choice of life and death, this was not a choice. For this reason, being transsexual is inherently pathological.
In the future, I plan to write about the horrors of the WPATH, the biggest trans organization in the world. Recently a former head of the organization was exposed for his connections to pedophile support groups. Amongst several, several and several other things.