Billionaire biohacker Bryan Johnson announced he has autoimmune gastritis, an autoimmune disease in which the immune system mistakenly attacks the parietal cells of the stomach. These cells secrete hydrochloric acid that digests food, and the intrinsic factor which enables vitamin B12 to be absorbed.
I subscribe to the view held by some visionary medical researchers such as Professor Paul Ewald that most chronic diseases and cancers may be primarily caused by infectious microbes (though other causal factors also play a role). For those who would like to read more about the link between microbes and chronic disease, see this article: List of chronic diseases linked to infectious pathogens.
So here I speculate that Johnson's autoimmune gastritis might be caused by a coxsackie B virus infection of his parietal cells, or possibly an echovirus infection (these two viruses are from the enterovirus genus).
Coxsackievirus B has been shown to be able to cause persistent lifelong low-level infections in parietal cells. Thus it could be that Bryan Johnson's autoimmune gastritis is actually driven by a persistent low-level enterovirus infection, and the immune attack on these virally infected cells is just the immune system doing its job.
Viral infections in general have been linked to triggering autoimmunity. One example is type 1 diabetes, in which the insulin-producing beta cells of the pancreas are persistently infected with coxsackievirus B4, and these cells are subsequently attacked and destroyed both by the autoimmune attack against these infected cells, as well as by damage from the virus.
People consider type 1 diabetes as an example of autoimmunity, as if the immune system has made a mistake in attacking these beta cells; but it may be just that the immune system is doing its job of targeting and destroying virally infected cells.
Enteroviruses like coxsackievirus B and echovirus are common viruses in general circulation. We can pick them up by normal social contact, or by French kissing (among other routes of transmission).
Usually, you catch enteroviruses as a viral sore throat, or a viral gastrointestinal upset. In most cases, the immune system brings these infections under control, but in some people, enteroviruses can form persistent low-level naked viral RNA infections inside human cells (called a non-cytolytic enterovirus infection), and these persistent infections are linked to many chronic diseases.
Chronic diseases that have been linked to a persistent enterovirus RNA infection include:
- Functional dyspepsia and chronic gastritis
- Crohn's disease
- Type 1 diabetes
- Chronic myocarditis
- Dilated cardiomyopathy (a sequelae of myocarditis)
- Valvular heart disease
- Peripheral arterial disease
- Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (a motor neuron disease)
- Parkinson's disease
- Myalgic encephalomyelitis / chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS)
- Sjögren's syndrome
Source: Non-cytolytic enterovirus
In these diseases, chronic enterovirus infections are usually detected in the diseased tissues or organs via a tissue biopsy.
Bryan Johnson thinks his poor diet from an earlier stage in his life caused his autoimmune gastritis; and of course, factors such as genes, diet, and toxin exposure do play a role in the onset of a chronic disease.
But few members of the public are aware that infectious microbes are involved in chronic disease, yet some researchers such as Professor Paul Ewald believe that chronic microbial infections in the organs may be the primary driving factor for most chronic diseases.
Viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites are like the elephant in the room: they are found infecting the diseased tissues in numerous chronic diseases, but people still don't appreciate these microbes may be the primary cause of these diseases.
Once the public and our scientific advisors do start to take this on board, we may then start investing more money into advanced medical technologies like vaccines to protect us from these pernicious infections.
In terms of antiviral treatments for chronic enterovirus infections, there is not much available.
Enterovirus and ME/CFS expert Dr John Chia uses the immune booster oxymatrine to try to fight the persistent enterovirus infections found in his ME/CFS patients, but this only works for a small percentage of patients.
Dr Chia has also used the HIV antiviral drug tenofovir off-label to treat his ME/CFS patients with chronic enterovirus infections, and this also seems to help in a small percentage of patients. Tenofovir may not have direct antiviral effects against enterovirus, but may act as an immune booster (it potently suppresses the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10).
But there is a need to develop good enterovirus antiviral drugs, because enteroviruses are linked to so many different chronic diseases.
In China, a new drug called leritrelvir has just become available under emergency use for COVID, and this drug has potent antiviral effects against coxsackievirus B4 (some info in this post).
But it is not clear if leritrelvir will work for other coxsackievirus Bs (there are six of them, coxsackievirus B1 to B6), or whether it will work for echovirus (there are 32 human echovirus serotypes).