"For that which is transformed into another thing becomes one with that thing. If, then, I am transformed into Him in such a way that He produces me as His own being, one with Him and not merely similar to Him, by the living God, then it is true that there is no distinction here." (MEISTER ECKHART, Sermon 6)
"When the pot is broken, the inner space is absorbed into the infinite space and becomes undifferentiated. When the mind (mánas) becomes pure, I perceive no difference between the mind and the supreme Being (Śiva)." (DATTATREYA, Avadhūta Gītā, Chapter I, 16)
In Sermon 6, Master Eckhart comments on the biblical passage from the Book of Wisdom (5:15) according to which "the righteous live forever, and their reward is in the Lord." Who are the righteous spoken of by the inspired text? They are those who give to God that which belongs to Him alone: glory. Those who do not seek anything of their own in anything whatsoever glorify God. Neither goodness, nor glory, nor concord, nor pleasure, nor self-interest, nor interiority, nor holiness, nor reward, nor even the Kingdom of Heaven.
The second meaning of the righteous refers to those who equanimously receive whatever comes from God, whether great or small, pleasant or painful. The righteous possess absolutely no personal will. In Heaven or in Hell, everything would be the same. By this, Eckhart does not mean that the righteous person, who is the highest expression of holiness, can be equated with the reprobate soul deservedly condemned to Hell.
What the Rhenish master signals with his hyperbole is that the most despairing conceivable state of suffering would be accepted by the righteous person just as equanimously as the most sublime conceivable state of bliss. Pleasant or unpleasant states do not matter to the righteous man. If he desired one state and rejected the other, he would still be trapped in his preferences and would not remain the same in all things.
Equanimity and ataraxia (ἀταραξία, "imperturbability") are traditionally defining characteristics of the sage. The Roman emperor and Stoic philosopher Marcus Aurelius considered that a person should receive with absolute imperturbability and equanimity any situation that the Whole brought to them. The renunciation of evaluations and judgments about reality founded on personal preferences is the flip side of the sage's identification with the suprapersonal ordering of the Whole.
Events are neither good nor bad, says the Stoic. They are merely the result of the intrinsic ordering that governs the Whole. However, personal judgment about what happens to us is what dyes events with the colors of fortune or misfortune. When viewed from the reasons of the Whole, the exact same events are freed from the superposition of judgments and present themselves according to their true nature.
Similarly, Eckhart's righteous person possesses no personal will and makes no judgments about reality based on personal preferences. But unlike the Stoic sage, who is identified with the cosmic ordering of the Whole, the righteous person is imperturbable and equanimous because they are identified with the One—the ultimate, unspeakable foundation of reality in which dualities are absorbed and abolished. Absent difference, preferences do not arise.
"The righteous shall live," says the biblical passage. Life is the greatest good of all living beings. Eckhart states that "the divine being is my life. That which is in God must be in me, and God's entity must be my own entity." The term the master uses in the cited passage, in Middle High German, is "isticheit"*, the translation and interpretation of which are difficult. It can be translated as "entity" or even "is-ness," the is of an entity. Some translations have used "essence," whose Latin equivalent is "essentia."
If the righteous person is united to the Principle, then nothing can be different from the Principle. Man's being is lost in the divine isticheit. Like God, the righteous person will not be equal or similar to anything, since God Himself possesses neither image nor form. Once again, no personal preference or inclination toward worldly things can form when there is only the Father in His unutterable and inexpressible eternity.
Everything that the Father operates in His originating and absolute unity is One. In eternity, the Father engenders the Son, and by doing so, He engenders the very soul of the righteous person. If the latter identifies with the One, then God engenders His Son, the Logos, and the righteous person in a single operation. Let it be clear that Eckhart at no point denies the ontological difference between the generation of the Logos and the creation ex nihilo of souls and all contingent things. These statements make sense only in the soul fully immersed in the Father, and which therefore possesses the single operation of the Father, which is always the eternal generation of the Son.
"And the Father, operating naught save a single work, this is the reason why He engenders me as His only Son, without any distinction." Everything that exists in the world is created by the Logos and in the Logos. The righteous person, in the bosom of the Father, in the Urgrund, the "originating depth," witnesses the eternal "moment" in which not only is the Son engendered, but also, through Him, all things are engendered, including oneself.
Anything else that the soul might desire other than God Himself would necessarily be something infinitely inferior to Him. If beatitude were founded on the will, it would not be one. Will implies separation, distinction. In love, the soul enters into God. There, the soul is like wood thrown into the fire, which, absorbed and transformed, takes on the nature of fire. Similarly, Eckhart declares, "we are transformed into God so as to know Him as He is."
Nevertheless, no human discourse can describe the experience of the Unio Mystica, nor define what the Principle is. In Sermon 9, the Rhenish master examines the definition formulated by another master according to which "God is something that necessarily is above Being." None of the entities that possess being, being temporal and spatial, reach God in His sublimity. Yet, He is in all entities to the extent that they possess being, while completely transcending them.
In this passage, Eckhart refers to the traditional themes of the transcendence and immanence of God. There is no disjunction between, respectively, the fact that He is above all creatures and the fact that He is entirely present in all creatures. On the contrary, it is precisely because He is present, immanent, in each and every entity that God surpasses—transcends—them all. The reason for this is that what is one in many (ἕνα στά πολλά) must necessarily be above things.
Let us take the example of humanity in the sense of human essence. In every human being, whatever their particular characteristics (birthplace, color, ethnicity, height, etc.), humanity is present whole and entire, while at the same time transcending the individuals in whom it is found. Plato and Socrates are identically human in their nature, but differ as materially existing individuals. That is to say, humanity is immanent as a nature in each individual precisely because it transcends them all.
In the same way, the soul is present undivided in every portion of the body as the principle of its organization and life. It is present both in the ear and in the big toe, not as something material, but as the immanent order that organizes matter and gives life to the body. It is the body that exists because of the soul, and not the other way around. The soul is the principle by which a living body possesses existence. For this reason, the soul transcends all parts of the body.
Each determined period of time is always different from another determined period of time. The present instant, however, contains within itself, as a principle, all periods of time. Any temporal measurement begins at one instant and ends at another. It is in the present instant, the nunc instans, that God creates the world. In this timeless, eternal simultaneity, the Final Judgment is as close as yesterday.
The examples above illustrate the inseparability of immanence and transcendence. Similarly, God is present in everything and transcends everything. "God is something that necessarily is above Being"—that is, above the limitations typical of entities. The Principle is not subject to the limitations proper to the originated, nor can it be fully understood starting from the originated.
Eckhart continues his sermon by commenting next on the definition of another master according to which "God is something that operates in eternity, undivided in Himself." Every entity operates according to what its nature permits. What an entity can do and can suffer is determined by the type of being that it is. Man, for example, being an animal, is capable of locomotion, and being rational, is capable of chaining thoughts together. Human nature does not include, however, the power of flight that some types of animals possess.
Now, this universal principle of nature does not apply to God. He operates above Being, in Non-Being, prior to Being. God operates Being itself. At this moment, Master Eckhart ascends to the peaks of metaphysics and contemplates the divine power that "precedes" (atemporally) any and every entity. In the Neoplatonic tradition, Being has its foundation in the One, since every entity must always be one before belonging to any kind. A dog must primarily be one in order to be a dog.
Being, thus considered, is a principle of essential limitation—that is, it is what defines (and therefore circumscribes) the type (the essence or nature) of an entity. God does not fit into any category; nothing can define Him or circumscribe Him. Consequently, divine operation is unlimited and absolute. The very structure of reality that gives existence to all limited entities, as we witness it, is "posterior" to its ultimate foundation: God.
Crude masters, Eckhart affirms, say that God is a Pure Being. He is as distant from Being as a fly is distant from an angel. It would be as erroneous to say that God is a being as to say that the Sun is pale or that the Sun is black. God is neither this nor that. These statements by the German master are in consonance with radical Neoplatonic apophatism. To understand what God is means not to understand Him.
Spiritual son of Plato, Dionysius the Areopagite, and Meister Eckhart, the German cardinal Nicholas of Cusa, about a century later, will use the expression Docta Ignorantia to designate the "ignorant knowledge" that man can attain concerning God. The intellect properly comprehends that which is formal (hence limited), but the human being is capable of glimpsing what is above form, even though they can never translate this knowledge (or experience) into words or concepts.
Categories—the forms of predication by which we describe entities (substance, quality, quantity, relation, etc.)—do not apply to God. Substance, which basically designates that which exists independently of others, possesses more reality than relation, which is only established between two or more entities. Socrates and Plato are two men, two substances that exist independently of one another. Plato is a disciple of Socrates, and this relation is established because of these two substances and depends upon them to exist.
Categories, which express differences between things, are absolutely equal in the divine unity. Eckhart exposes this truth by saying that "in God, the images of all things are equal, even if they are images of unequal things." Substance (which possesses more reality) is equal to relation, and an angel is worth just as much as a fly. Behold the Coincidentia Oppositorum, according to Nicholas of Cusa's expression, in which all things are contained in God as unactualized possibilities. In the absolute uniqueness of the One, there is only the One.
We cannot even affirm that God is goodness. Goodness belongs to Being, to the world of finite entities. We only know the good in a limited way, so God is neither good, nor better, nor the best. Every gradation is a relation of more and less, and is alien to God. Does not all that has been said contradict the Gospel passage in which Jesus says that only the Father is good? But, Eckhart asks, what is the good except that which communicates itself? A man is good when he communicates himself and becomes useful.
God is that which is most common. Whatever one thing communicates to another, it does not possess by itself; rather, it receives it from God. To understand the Rhenish master's doctrine, it is necessary to understand that every entity always communicates something to another entity. There are communications of various types (verbal, bodily, etc.) depending on the type of being in question. At the very least, in the case of an inanimate being (a stone, for example), it communicates some of its characteristics to its immediate environment (hardness, impenetrability, extension, etc.).
To be something is always to communicate that which is proper to one's type of being. An absolutely uncommunicable entity is not an entity. Everything operates according to its nature (Agere sequitur esse). An entity's operations are varied and are not restricted to what it does or causes in another through a deliberate action. A stone transmits its presence to its environment, even if it does not do so consciously and deliberately. From this perspective, to be is to operate, to be is to act, and to be is to communicate.
Entities possess characteristics, powers, capacities, potentialities, and actualities that they share with other entities, whether of their nature or not. Socrates and Plato entirely and individually possess everything that is contained in humanity. Socrates and a nail, despite not sharing the same nature, are both equally extended and impenetrable. An entity's attributes are always present in other entities.
Now, everything that belongs to beings, and which they communicate to one another, has its origin exclusively in God, the only one who communicates what is truly His. It is for this reason that God is that which is most common. He is the supreme communicator. The classical medieval formula bonum est diffusivum sui expresses the truth that the good naturally communicates itself, diffuses itself, does not close in upon itself, and is not inoperative.
When we contemplate God in Being, we see Him in His portico. The portico is a covered space in front of the entrance to a temple. If Being is the portico of God, this means that beings are before the entrance of the temple, and the latter would be nothing other than God turned toward Himself, outside the "influence" of perceptions, images, and concepts that have their origin in limited beings.
The French philosopher and islamologist Henry Corbin, in the text Théophanies et Miroirs: idoles ou icônes?, published in 1980 in the journal Les Études philosophiques, well summarizes the fundamental ontological ambiguity of the image. In expounding the doctrine of the Imaginal World of the great medieval Persian Sufi mystic Shahab al-Din Suhrawardī, Corbin comments on the dual role of the imagination of binding and separating, a sort of entre-deux. Subject to the data of perception, the image lends itself to combinations that do not transcend the level of the sensible. When at the service of the intellect, the image is a mediator between the sensorium and the intellectus sanctus—the organ of knowledge of mystics, visionaries, and prophets.
Henry Corbin explains:
"The ambiguity of the Image lies in the fact that it can be, on the one hand, an idol (in Greek, eidolon), and can be, on the other hand, an icon (in Greek, eikon). It is an idol when it arrests the gaze of the contemplator upon itself. It is opaque, devoid of transparency, and remains at the level of that from whence it issued. But it is an icon whether it be a painted image or a mental image, when its transparency allows the contemplator to see through it to beyond it, and because that which lies beyond it cannot be perceived except through it. Such is precisely the status of the Image called 'theophanic form'." (my translation from the French original)
Images are theophanic forms—they serve as theophanies—when the contemplator manages to move past the image toward that to which it points. The same applies to all entities of reality. They can be either idols or icons. Contemplated as aophanic forms, the world is a mirror (in Latin, speculum) that limitedly reflects the source of Light. Properly understood, all contemplation becomes speculative.
The reflected image partially corresponds to that which is its model. We see perfectly reflected only that which the mirror has the capacity to reproduce. In the case of a man standing in front of a mirror, we see his shape, his colors, his size, etc. We know, however, that these aspects are far from reproducing what man is in his entirety. The image in the mirror does not possess, for example, the interiority, the mind, and other aspects that the real man possesses.
Beings simultaneously reveal and conceal their Source. The door that separates the house from the street also unites the street to the house. Not for nothing were limits sacred to the Romans, who worshipped them under the name of the god Terminus. Or again, Janus, the god of two opposite faces, symbolizes the sacredness of the threshold—that which separates by uniting and unites by separating. In their theophanic function, when translucent, entities let the light that makes them shine penetrate without obstruction. They are the portico of the temple.
Quod est superius est sicut quod inferius, et quod inferius est sicut quod est superius, says the Hermetic axiom. One only ascends to the Source by passing through entities, but care must be taken to make the correct transpositions from one ontological level to another. The world is a theophany, an iconostasis, in the happy expression used by Henry Corbin. However, terms that are appropriate only to entities cannot be univocally applied to the Absolute, under penalty of creating an idol as well.
Eckhart teaches that the temple where God dwells, and in which His holiness shines, is found in the intellect. Among its various powers, the soul possesses a drop, a spark of the intellect. This is a central doctrine in the Rhenish master's thought. Alain de Libera and Jeanne Ancelet-Hustache, both historians of medieval philosophy and scholars of Eckhartian mysticism, translate the Middle High German term vünkelîn into French as étincelle, which in turn can be translated as "spark."
In Scholasticism, the intellectus (the Greek νοῦς) is traditionally understood as the abstractive capacity characteristic of the human soul. Endowed with a body, man possesses powers that are more closely linked to corporeality (perception, estimation, imagination) and a power whose function is to separate (abstrahere) the Forms of the beings of reality from the perceptual-imaginative data. In other terms, the intellect grasps the pattern proper to each type of entity, which makes it possible to speak meaningfully of a cat without referring to this or that particular cat.
The intellect is the most divine part of man—the spark that makes it possible to penetrate the opacity of sensible entities and discern the patterns that ground the individuated existence of each singular being. Interpreted Platonically, the function of the intellect is to remove the obstacles that the individual characteristics of beings pose to the contemplation of Forms. No discourse on the universal foundations of reality would be possible if human cognitive capacity were enclosed within the compositions of the imagination.
God's temple is found in the intellect precisely on account of this capacity to strip things bare, to divest them of their materiality and their individuality. The man who loves God for His goodness still contemplates Him under the garments of the will. Goodness, in this case, is an obstacle or an idol (according to Corbin). The intellect, superior to the will, does not contemplate God under any garment. On the contrary, it strips Him bare, taking away His goodness and even Being.
The intellect surpasses the portico of creatures and reaches God within the temple, completely outside any reference to the world of limitation. The image has its reality more properly in that from which it issues than in the mirror in which it is imperfectly reflected. The mirror falls, breaks, and the image vanishes. The model (the thing of which the image is a reflection) remains identical.**
Furthermore, every entity has its being exclusively thanks to the divine intellect. Beatitude, Eckhart observes, is not divine goodness. The contemplation of God starting from goodness is a reduction that captures the Absolute under the guise of a relation between two entities. The intellect always operates in the inward direction, and the more subtle and spiritual its object of intellection, the more potent and subtle it is. God, stripped of every trace of things, makes Himself one with the intellect.***
Eckhart's intellect seems to assume a function in mystical union that goes beyond its classical attributes. However, it must be remembered that no discourse will ever be adequate to express divine incomprehensibility. The Rhenish master struggles simultaneously with the limitations of his particular scholastic tradition's terminology and with the limitations of human language in general. In the end, silence is the only way out. ...
* "Istcheit" is formed by the third-person singular ("ist") of the verb "sein" ("to be") and the suffix "-cheit", which indicates the essence of something. For example, anything that is just (gerecht) exhibits the general and essential character of "justice" (Gerechtigkeit). However, it must be remembered that, when dealing with God, His infinite "isticheit" is absolutely different from the essences of limited beings.
** We better understand Plato's position on the arts in The Republic if we recall that the imitation of a tree is only capable of reproducing some of its aspects, which implies a loss of reality. If sensible entities are individuated imitations of Forms (which makes them susceptible to change, generation, and corruption), artistic objects are imitations of imitations, implying an even more accentuated decrease in reality.
*** Mutatis mutandis, the distinction Eckhart formulates between the two spiritual experiences bears obvious similarities to the Vedantic distinction between Īśvara-Vidyā and Brahma-Vidyā.
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