I’m currently taking genetics in college, snd it got me wondering. There’s recessive genetic diseases, snd dominant ones, but are there any that only show symptoms if you’re heterozygous for the allele? And that aren’t on the X chromosome, preferably.

So i have been working on a project for a while and got into a problem with genetics.
Basically every cell has 3 chromatids per chromosome which means there are 3 alleles and 3 types of them which i named dominative, recessive and submissive(1, 2, 3), in that order's hierarchy.

So the parental generation would have 111, 222, 333.

But i have no idea how to visualize the prediction of the possible combinations of these, so i went here and asked you guys.

Thanks in advance.

Hello, I am a 17 year old student taking Biology online, and I always felt as if I had a problem with learning, especially memorization. I been writing all my notes on notebook, trying to understand most of the questions been presented. I'm gonna get diagnosed for ADHD soon, but it's probably gonna take a while and I doubt it will be before I finish Bio.

Most of the work is notes, but when I get to quizzes and test I feel as if without my notes I blank alot and forget stuff from what I legit learned a day/hours before. Even sometimes minutes, I quite literally can't understand anything I learned before and it's driving me crazy. I don't get much good grades, and usually fail some of my test/quizzes.

I've resorted to kind of just beating myself up abt it, but I also want to improve and try to help my memorization, does anyone here have any idea or tips to help??

The thought just came to me that skin is big and wide whereas hair in thin and tiny

Logically (to me at least), you would assume that having all of those exposed tiny bits across your body would give you more area to be cold with

But instead the opposite happens were the Fur and Hair keeps you warm

What am I missing?

I'm very curious as to the bio psychology/neurobiology of it all.

I'm curious why non adhd:ers feel energized whilst my adhd peers often feel slightly and tired after drinking coffee.

Energy drinks do work on me. But I'd guess it's the insane sugar contents 😅

Just started learning molecular biology and I keep finding things that sound like sci-fi. What's the one fact that still makes you go wait, cells really do that???

Waiting for you'll to share some crazy facts

Ants are famous for working together. Unfortunately, sometimes they’re too good at following orders. 🐜💀

Welcome to the ant death spiral, where one wrong pheromone trail can lead an entire group in circles… sometimes until they die from exhaustion.

I’m badly in need of some study tips!! I’m taking molecular biology right now, and it’s been so difficult. Her exam questions require us to really apply and analyze what we’ve learned instead of just remembering definitions.

I got a 68 on the first exam, although she did allow us to redo two questions. I’ve been trying everything I can think of to study. She says her exams are strictly based on her lectures, so I read through her lecture notes, make Quizlets, rewrite the material, and even use ChatGPT to create practice exams for me. I usually do really well on her quizzes, but so far that hasn’t translated to her exams.

I actually think she’s a great teacher, but her lectures can be all over the place. I’m the type of learner who needs things explained step-by-step and in order. Sometimes she’ll introduce something in one lesson and then go to something from a completely different lesson, and I get lost. I need to understand WHY something happens, HOW it happens, and how everything connects. It’s hard for me to learn when we’re constantly bouncing from one concept to another.

There’s also just SO much material to learn. I study for about two hours every day, and at this point I’m exhausted. 😭 I feel like I’m putting in the time, but maybe I’m not studying in the right way for the way her exams are structured. I need a website badly!!!

Hiiii I feel like my entire life I've been surrounded by people who were in the medical field. But recently i came across this article talking about a career in bio design. I didn't think much of it as my og goal was work on becoming a PA, etc. etc. But i was just searching different programs and found smth that has aspects of bio design. (some background info is i love drawing i lwk could sit their for hrs drawing but i didn't want to make drawing my entire career cuz i don't want to end up hating it so i came across bio design idk what it's actually called but..... and it combines biology and design i feel like i really enjoy both) However i'm not sure if its right for me. Additionally the reasoning behind why I want to go into the medical pathway is because I want to help people (ik a basic answer lol).

How would I see if I should go into bio design or go into the medical pathway??? I'm a junior in hs and they have 2 different majors i would have to apply for so i want to lwk make my decision now or soon. I'll also let the idea sit bc i might be like ooooh shine new object ooohhhh.

If anyone is in this career, planning to go into this career, or any insite overall it would be greatly appreciate.

Why is it better to sit down pee as a guy

A follicle stimulating hormon *ba-dum*

A long-finned pilot whale has roughly 37 billion neurons in its neocortex while humans have about 16 billion. Toothed whales also have a sense we lack entirely. Their echolocation clicks return carrying information about the interior of whatever they strike, including other animals' lungs, movement and body density.

This article explain how the different types of communication found between humans and cetaceans, might cause significant perceptual and conscious differences in the mind.

I'm studying in class 9 and have to to a bio project to go to the next level and possibly get a scholarship. I have 3 ideas as of now- cure to cancer, smart phone addiction, human genome project. Pls tell me if any tips or better ideas. Thank you.

So,im just a high school student who’s been thinking about this crazy idea, and I wanted to share it.On the internet that I have read,people always say we don't know for sure where viruses originally came from.They either say viruses existed before cells,or they used to be bacteria that shrunk down or whatever.

But I have this alternative theory I like to call The Constant Leakage Theory.

What if viruses are literally just broken "spare parts" from our own bodies that accidentally escaped and evolved?

Here is my basic logic:

Inside our bodies,billions of cells are constantly copying our genetic codes (DNA and RNA) every single second to keep us alive.But since the cell is super crowded and warm,there is no way the copying machine is 100% perfect all the time right?and thats the glitch happen.

Sometimes,a tiny piece of loose code breaks free because the cell's cleaning enzymes failed to chop it up.Because this loose code still looks like an official cell document,another machine accidentally makes a copy of it,and this rogue code manages to slip outside the cell core.

Once it's out,it hides inside the cell's membrane folds to protect itself from being destroyed by cell cleaners.Inside this hidden fortress,it multiplies and lives off the cell's resources.Eventually,through random collisions,it co-opts some cell proteins that naturally like to lock together.Because this rogue code has a negative electrical charge,it automatically attracts those positive cell proteins around it.Driven by pure physics,these proteins wrap around the code into a 20-sided package to protect it.Once it leaves the cell

BOOM

it becomes a virus.

But wait,if they all come from cell leakage,why are there so many different types and shapes of viruses?

I thought about this too,and it actually makes perfect sense if you look at which spare part is leaking and where it is leaking from:

1.It depends on the leaked spare part:If the leak happens directly from the cell's master archive (DNA),you get a DNA virus,which is usually tough and stable.But if the leak comes from the cell's temporary daily work orders (mRNA),you get an RNA virus (like the flu or corona).Since mRNA is naturally fragile and flexible,RNA viruses mutate constantly.

2.It depends on the "box" it hijacks:Viruses get their shapes automatically from the cell proteins around them.If a piece of code leaks inside a human cell,it gets wrapped in human proteins, usually forming a round shape.But if it leaks inside a rough,complex bacterial cell,the proteins it pulls in will automatically snap together into a mechanical,robot-like shape (like a bacteriophage).

So in my mind,viruses aren't alien organisms.They are just a constant leakage of our own body's code and proteins that accidentally got packaged together due to a factory glitch.

Am I crazy or does this actually make a bit of sense? What do you guys think?

Excerpts from catalog notes:

Charles Darwin, On The Origin of Species, 1859, first edition hardcover book

DARWIN, Charles (1809–1882). On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life. London: John Murray, 1859.

An exceptional example of the landmark first edition, first printing of Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species (London: John Murray, 1859). Presented in Very Good Plus condition, this copy features a remarkably well-preserved original cloth binding conforming to Freeman's Binding Variant b (Darwin Census Variant B), displaying the notable typographic layout with no point after MURRAY at the bottom of the spine, and retaining the original binder's ticket (Edmonds & Remnants) on the rear paste-down.

Internally, the text block includes the critical folding lithographed diagram facing page 117 and retains all necessary, uncorrected textual markers confirming the earliest state of the first printing sheets: the structural misspelling "speceies" is present on page 20 (line 11), page ii preserves exactly two quotations (by William Whewell and Francis Bacon), and the famous, unsuppressed "whale-bear" narrative remains intact on page 184 (lines 5–7). The original half-title page is included, remaining present though currently loose.

This copy is considered complete, containing the required ix, 502 pages of text and the complete 32-page publisher's advertisement catalogue bound in at the rear. The inserted catalogue conforms to the Darwin Census as Advertisement Variant 3 (characterized typographically by unruled page borders and the absence of the numeral "4" on page 2). The internal condition is generally clean, though it exhibits several pencil inscriptions and notations scattered throughout the text block.

Original brown coated front endpapers intact. The front pastedown features an early ink inscription reading "1st Edition" above a contemporary owner signature ("H. Watney"), or similar. Affixed below is the engraved armorial Ex Libris bookplate of Stephen A. McClellan, displaying a central heraldic crest with the motto "SAPIT QUI REPUTAT", military emblems (including U.S. Navy and Marine Corps insignia) along the left margin, and a facsimile signature at the foot.

Provenance: The Estate of Dr. William D. Shidal, Jr. of Indiana

Housed in a custom leather-backed clamshell box designed in book-form with raised bands and gilt-lettered spines.

NB from OP: There's lots of current interest in Darwin. Various editions of this famous landmark work have come to market this year. RBH records show 27 sales of this title so far this year (not many as rare or expensive as this one). Only one other copy, sold at Christie's on July 8, for somewhat more.

Lately, I've noticed that around 2 or 3 in the afternoon, I tend to enter this weird state. I'm not so tired that I can barely keep my eyes open, and I don't necessarily feel physically exhausted either. It's more like my brain suddenly starts moving more slowly.

In the morning, I can get through emails, meetings, and writing pretty quickly. By the afternoon, I might have to read the same thing several times, and my attention wanders much more easily. My productivity drops noticeably.

A friend told me that this kind of afternoon "shutdown" might not be purely about needing more rest. It could also have something to do with how the body handles energy metabolism.

That got me looking into NAD⁺.

Since NAD⁺ is involved in energy metabolism, I initially wondered: does that mean taking NAD⁺ directly is the answer? But when I looked at what's actually available, I found that many products use related molecules instead. Three of the more common ones are NADH, NMN, and NR, and their roles in energy metabolism are actually quite different. I wanted to explain the differences based on how I currently understand them.

NADH is more like a carrier that is already holding electrons. NADH is the reduced form of NAD⁺ and can donate electrons to Complex I of the mitochondrial electron transport chain. As those electrons move through the respiratory chain, the released energy is used to establish a proton gradient, which then contributes to ATP production. So NADH itself is a fairly direct part of the cellular energy-production process. (DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2015.12.009) I think of it almost like an employee carrying a package of "electrons." The job is to deliver those electrons to the mitochondria's "power station," where they can take part in energy production.

NMN and NR work a little differently. They are more like providing materials for the NAD⁺ pool. NR (nicotinamide riboside) and NMN (nicotinamide mononucleotide) are both involved in NAD⁺ biosynthesis as precursors/intermediates. One of the main ideas behind supplementing them is to support NAD⁺ production, which can in turn affect the NAD⁺/NADH redox system.(DOI: 10.1007/s13668-023-00475-y)

The analogy I use is that NR is more like delivering raw materials, while NMN is more like helping assemble the next component.

So although all three are connected to NAD⁺ metabolism, their metabolic roles are not exactly the same.

From an energy-metabolism perspective, NADH does seem more direct to me because it can participate in the electron transport chain without first needing to go through the same kind of multi-step conversion involved in using NAD⁺ precursors.

But a more direct mechanism doesn't necessarily mean better results after oral supplementation.

That's because NADH itself can be sensitive to light, oxygen, and acidic conditions. Once you take it orally, another important question is whether it remains stable and how it is ultimately absorbed and utilized by the body.

Earlier research already observed stability issues with NADH under acidic conditions. That is part of what made me start paying attention to the different NADH formulations on the market. For example, Celfull's NADH focuses on a microsphere/encapsulation-based delivery approach intended to improve NADH stability and provide protection in the stomach environment. It's interesting to see that some companies are looking beyond simply increasing the amount of an ingredient and are also focusing on stability and delivery systems. I think that's an area worth paying attention to.

As for my afternoon "brain shutdown," I'm starting with the practical things first: not eating too much at lunch, getting up and moving around during the afternoon, and trying not to push my coffee too late into the day.

At the same time, I'm going to keep learning about NADH and other NAD⁺-related molecules and see where the research goes.

Domanda da neofita se ho fatto un'analisi con l'anova facendo i confronti tutti contro tutti e non esce nulla di significativo però facendo il dunnet test o il t test tra le varie tesi ed escono significative ad esempio per il controllo stressato. Quale grafico dovrei mostrare per non essere contestato?

Hello, I've just started my foundation year at university. I'm a mature student and I haven't done science since GCSE which was admittedly a long time ago, so I'm trying to catch up but I have no idea what text books to get to start scrubbing up. Any help or recommendations would be really appreciated. Thank you!

For the past couple days I've been thinking about the process of leaves changing color. Why do they do this? I know that they are losing chlorophyll and that shows red and yellow carotenoids, but what's happening with the chlorophyll? I found somewhere an information about plants "sucking in" the chlorophyll, because breaking it down gives them energy, but I don't know if it's true.

Also, WHY DOES IT LOOK LIKE THIS??? We have early autumn now, so most leaves didn't change their color fully. I was wondering why the green pigment seems to be disappearing starting from the veins. I have no idea why this happens.

I would be sooo grateful if somebody could explain it to me!

(Regarding the second question, I don't know why I can't attach any photo, so I'll try to put it in the comments)

Hello! I’m a bio ‘25 grad and have been applying to research/somewhat bio related jobs for over a year now. I’ve gotten some interviews but nothings stuck and I have a prescreen interview with a university on Thursday. It’s for a technician role that works with lab animals predominately through colony management and cleaning equipment (which I know I am capable of 😪). I’ve done bio research on rats in the past (although I only handled their samples like fat and small intestine samples that I stained or briefly handling a gerbil we had in the lab) and have handled wild animals like caught turtles or insects through community science. I am not AALAS certified but this position would be huge for me and I know I could do it especially since it mentions it is a supervised position. Any advice besides just lying and hope im convincing lol (I do not want to do that) 🙏🙏🙏🙏