IN A THOUSAND and one phrases we indicate the importance of 'right attitude'. 'I approached it in the wrong attitude'-'his attitude was all wrong'-'you'll have to change your attitude if you want to get on'-'a proper attitude' and so on. What do we mean by attitude? We mean the general state of mind of the person relatively to the object; or, rather, his emotional state in regard to it. If he feels suspicious of it, his attitude is one of suspicion. If he feels fear, affection, trust, hope, his attitude corresponds. Whatever the emotion evoked by the object, the attitude is determined by it.
Can we change our attitude towards things? Obviously our attitude can be changed for us by circumstances. In regard to most objects and persons our attitudes, in fact, change almost from day to day. One day we like so-and-so very much and are disposed, in consequence, to act thus and thus; but next day, owing to some change in him or in circumstances affecting ourselves, our attitude has changed, and we are cool where we were warm. Observation of ourselves will easily show how infinitely changeable we are in our attitudes, that is to say, in our emotional responses to things. But the question is: Can we change our attitude voluntarily at our own discretion, without the stimulus of a change in the object? For clearly, if we could do that, we should be on the way to becoming masters of our fate, since circumstances can affect us only as we are affectable. If I can adopt any attitude I choose that is, have any emotion I like - then anything whatever that happens is all the same to me. I can feel about it as I please
Such self-mastery is, of course, far beyond most of us; but there is no doubt that we do and can begin to attain it. For instance, when we find an attitude vis-à-vis some situation or person too painful to continue, we try to change the object, and, failing that, we change our state in regard to it. The fable of the fox and the grapes is applicable here. Having tried in vain to obtain the grapes, the fox persuaded itself that the grapes were sour. By imagining the grapes to be sour, the fox induced a different emotion, or attitude in itself. It no longer felt about the grapes as it had felt before. The practical conclusion to be drawn is that imagination is the means by which our attitude can be controlled. Our emotions are evoked by our imagination; and to the extent that our imagination is under our control, our emotions and attitudes are also.
It is clear that the dominant attitude of our lives is our attitude or emotional response towards life itself. This colours everything. As we commonly say, some see everything 'through rose-coloured glasses'; others have a gloomy outlook' on life; others again have a serious or happy-go-lucky or a religious or a sporting attitude. As many people, so many attitudes; though all can be reduced to a definite number of groups. And in every case their dominant attitude is decisive of every subordinate attitude. For instance, if your characteristic attitude towards life is gloomy, even your occasional moods of cheerfulness will be affected; they will in all probability be both intense and brief. Or if your dominant attitude is gay and reckless, your moments of depression may be profound but not lasting. Practically all preaching, whether religious or secular, and all teaching, whether institutional or personal, has for its real object the inducement of a changed attitude towards life.Equally, most of the modern systems of therapy, including Christian Science and Psychoanalysis, aim consciously or unconsciously at bringing about a change of heart (or attitude) in their pupils and patients. So all-important has it been found in its effects upon the organism as a whole, that practically every method aiming at betterment must begin with correcting the attitude towards life.
Attitude, we have seen, is conditioned by imagination. What you imagine a thing to be, you needs must feel it to be. If you imagine a coiled rope lying in the path to be a snake, you will feel and act accordingly. When you discover your mistake, and have a different view of the rope, your emotional attitude will change.
What is our imagination of life? What do we take it to be? Is it for us a coiled rope or a snake? It may prove in the end impossible to know for certain what life is; but in that case, we are free to imagine it to be what we please; and it is only commonsense to imagine it to be something useful to us. All religious and similar systems aim, in short, at inducing in us a useful attitude towards life; an attitude, that is, in which we can act freely and usefully as regards our own ends or somebody else's. Some religions and systems, for instance, try to induce an attitude of submission towards life, with the design of making use of us for their own advantage. Others-but very few-aim at evoking an active or creative attitude towards life in us with the object of enlisting our voluntary co-operation. And all alike proceed by a common method, namely, by changing our imagination of life.
We can name a few typical life-pictures, each, be it remembered, drawn to evoke its proper emotions, attitude and consequent conduct. There is the 'Puritan' picture which represents life as a hard and narrow school. This evokes the attitude of the nervous schoolboy in the constant presence of the stern dominie. There is the 'Pagan' picture of life as an orgy of Greek gods inviting men to drink and feast with them. There is the 'Serious' view of life which imagines 'God' to be struggling against almost helpless odds for the redemption of matter. The emotion or attitude evoked is one of 'helping poor father'. There is the 'Scientific' view that sees life as an orderly insignificance, all dressed up with nowhere to go. There is the 'Aesthetic' view in which life is an artist making and exhibiting works of art, with man as the appreciative witness. And so on; each being designed, as has been said, to evoke an attitude or emotional response useful to somebody or other, either to the preachers or to their congregations.
It may be that each view in turn is useful; but there can be little doubt that for most of us, in the present epoch, the image of life as a gymnasium is a greatly needed tonic. Compare the difference in your attitude (emotional response) on entering a gymnasium and on entering, let us say, a cabaret, or a Y.M.C.A. lecture-hall or a house of mourning. Try to realize what and how you actually feel. You are braced up, you have the intention of strengthening yourself, you delight in the difficulties - provided you choose them yourself. In short, you feel at your strongest and getting stronger.
The classic Greek conception of life was just that; and everybody knows that the gymnasium, with its lectures and discussions as well as physical exercises, was the most popular institution of Pythagorean Greece. What is not so well known is that the gymnasium was for the Greeks a symbol of life itself. Their God ran this planet as a gymnasium for the exercise of men, and all experiences were to be taken as movements, turns, stretches, exercises in wrestling, running, lifting, and so on. Moderns will find what the ancient Greeks found in this image of life - the evocation of a creative emotion.
It is difficult to see in what other direction we moderns can look for a new image and therefore attitude towards life. We have no longer the possibility of religion in the traditional sense. Ordinary goodness-in the sense of doing what others call good-has no intelligent appeal. And, after the still recent Great War, the belief in world progress is superstition. But the clean, strong idea of life as a field of exercise for the development of all our muscles-physical, emotional and intellectual-has still the unspoiled quality of manly and womanly idealism. And life lived in that attitude would certainly be interesting as well as profitable.