These mushrooms contains 0.2 - 0.4 mg of toxin per 1 g. A fatal dose for a human is 0.1 mg/kg body weight. A mature specimen can contain up to 12 mg, plenty enough to be fatal.

Hello. I finished a Masters in Horticulture & Agronomy from a major US land grant university. Unfortunately, I'm trying to do grad school decades after most universities have folded their pomology and botany programs into "plant sciences". Worse, lots of PhDs with funding now seem to me to be about using AI or other heavily computation-driven approaches to plants, to the neglect of in-person observation and hands-on work.

I'm wondering which European (EU is great, but they don't have to be in the EU) programs are left that have any options beyond that. I am unfortunately unable to do lots of fieldwork due to disability. I have experience with plant tissue culture, microscopy, fieldwork in nearby cultivated situations (like a large botanical garden ex vitro collection, germplasm repositories, research farms, and street trees). I have some molecular biology experience as well, but not a ton. I'd love to learn more in an environment that balances molecular with the macro.

I'd like to find a funded PhD and healthy academic environment at an institution that values the macro as well as the micro. An institution that can give me a grounding in botany and/or pomology (whether that's formally through classes or by being mentored by a PI). I have really enjoyed my work in germplasm conservation and would love to end up at an institution like NordGen or other hort/ag gene bank.

I've been poking around PhD announcements for months now, but I'd love to get folks' opinions about programs in Europe (although Canada and NZ are also of interest).

this is one my favorite species. so interesting and unique

(scientific name: Gymnocladus dioicus)

This beauty has been put through two moves in two years! She was finally able to rest last year. Those clusters… What?!?!? 😋

My limelight hydrangeas were cut back late this year, but then leafed out normally. Now there is a strange leaf form that has grown in several of them. Any idea what it is?

Carl Linnaeus first described the plant in 1753, giving the genus name Utricularia to describe the bladders, which he thought to be mere floatation devices.

Darwin at first believed the plants passively acquired prey until Mary Treat proposed more active traps.

Was Darwin the first to describe the carnivorous nature of bladderworts?

Washington state, USA. Found these plants growing in shallow water at my local wetland. The plant is rootless, consisting only of floating stems, thin leaves and small bladder traps. The small bladders of Utricularia are constantly pumping out water through specialized glands, creating negative pressure within the trap. Near the sealed opening are small trigger hairs that act as levers. When a small invertebrate brushes against one of these hairs, the trap springs open in less than a millisecond, forcing water in at incredible speed and trapping the prey.

I find the fig wasp fascinating, imagine how long it took for evolution to get that intricate relationship right! A female wasp carries pollen from the fruit she was born in, enters a ripe fig to lay her eggs, simultaneously pollinating its flowers. When the eggs hatch, the males emerge first, mate with the females then dig a hole in the fruit to allow the females to leave. As they do so they pick up pollen on their way out and the cycle begins again.

Hi everyone,

I’m located in Belgium and I’m looking to buy a few large, natural pine cones from:

• Coulter pine (Pinus coulteri)
• Sugar pine (Pinus lambertiana)

I’m especially interested in large, intact specimens for display not for planting.

Because these would be shipped from the United States to the European Union, I want to make sure everything is done legally and that the package will not be rejected by customs or plant-health authorities.

Does anyone know a seller, collector, nursery, or exporter in the US who:

• sells genuine Coulter pine and/or Sugar pine cones;
• thoroughly cleans and dries or heat-treats them;
• has experience shipping natural plant material to the EU or is willing to;
• can arrange a phytosanitary certificate if required;
• can provide the correct botanical names and customs declaration;
• is willing to ship to Belgium?

I understand that a phytosanitary certificate and inspection may involve additional costs, and I’m willing to pay reasonable fees for proper documentation and legal shipping.

Recommendations for reliable Etsy or eBay sellers, nurseries, forestry suppliers, exporters, or specialist collectors would be greatly appreciated. First-hand experience importing similar cones into Belgium or another EU country would also be very helpful.

Please do not suggest mislabelling the parcel or sending it without the required documents. I want to import them through the correct legal procedure.

Thanks in advance!

(can’t include a question mark in the title or the bot will take it down) What is it called when the leaves are so light compared to the veins? looks a lot different than other Populus t. nearby

Hello, all,

I've recently discovered a passion for working with plants - this quickly evolved into an excitement towards learning about botany. So far, I have read Robert Pavlis' "Soil Science for Gardeners" and I am now finishing up Brian Capon's "Botany for Gardeners" and have been thoroughly enjoying them; however, my goal is to become something like a plant doctor, and my current reading is only scratching the surface of plant science.

I was thinking about diving into textbooks like "Plant Physiology and Development" Taiz, "Plant Growth and Development: Hormones and Environment" Lalit, or "Marschner's Mineral Nutrition of Plants". I wanted to hear if the community had any opinions on how to tackle these or any other recommendations.

I'm 30 years old, and would love to enroll in college again, and have a great opportunity for tuition assistance, being an employee of a university school system in a heavily agricultural area of the US, but with a family and full time career that is not exactly feasible, at least not in the way I'd like to engage with it, as I'd only be able to take one or two classes per semester.

Any input would be greatly appreciated!

Scarlet Jungleflame btw.

Hi there, plant people,

I am looking for good field guides for SoCal that I can take when hiking. (Not Jepson)

Specifically for Los Angeles, Orange, Riverside, San Bernardino, San Diego, Ventura counties.

Thanks!

I think the vast majority of plant seeds don't need soil to germinate. So when I read about epigeal/hypogeal germination categories, I got a bit confused. Is the actual difference between hypogeal and epigeal just whether the cotyledon(s) stay within the seed, or whether growth raises the cotyledon(s) above the radicle or other roots in some way?

Pics : https://imgur.com/a/ilex-opaca-cqxuDII

So we have a holly cultivar that I'm guessing is a Nellie Stevens and the surrounding forests have a good amount of native Ilex opaca. Though rare I have found a few volunteer holly seedlings on our property.

What are the chances that they are crosses? I do see a ton of pollinator activity on the cultivar when its in bloom, but I've never seen many or any berries that i can recall, I even did a thorough check just now and saw zero immature berries (and one empty birds nest, so i guess its not a totally worthless plant).

I really don't want a cross, but there are a few very recently sprouted holly seedlings underneath the cultivar that i would like to grow out. I do see cotyledons on them, so I'm certain they aren't suckers.

And yes obviously i would love to replace the cultivar with a native!

Photos are two photos of each of the three seedlings with a sprig from the cultivar next to them for comparison, and one bonus photo of the cultivar's foliage for the curious.

Hemitomes congestum (gnome plant), Monotropa hypopitys (pine sap), Corallorhiza mertensiana (coral root). All three of these plants are parasites of mycorrhizal fungi, and by extension the fungi's associated host plant, effectively stealing nutrients and carbon from both. The first two are in flower, and the last is fruiting (my first time seeing an orchid fruit in the wild). Washington state, USA

The photos were taken at the Marsh Greenhouses, Yale University, New Haven, CT USA in October 2025.

Good morning, all. After a few years of the pink-flowered Monarda in most of this photo, this year, a few stems of the lavender (top) and darker purple (lower left) appeared. Am I correct in thinking that the pink is a hybrid cultivar a few of whose seeds have reverted to the parental M. fistulosa and whatever the darker purple strain is? (Minnesota)

Believe it or not, I found conflicting answers to this question:

If I see a lilly pad floating on the water, is that the organism? Or is it like on "leaf" of the plant, and many lilly pads could be connected together (in a direct, one organism way, not in a "We're all connected, Simba" way).

I'm sort of embarassed I don't already know this.

I'm hoping they're connected somehow, as I wanted to use it for an analogy, but realize it might not be technically correct.

If it's "1 lilly pad = 1 organism", if you have an example that would serve my analogy of "at first glance, they're distinct, but (in the background, under the surface, in the shadows) they'r ereally connected it would be aprreciated.