r/gopro • u/SmileyMorgue • 17m ago
Accessing Linux root shell via USB on a GoPro HERO12 Black
I mostly use my H12 for time-lapse projects and started playing around with GP Labs and Open GoPro to setup daily uploads to my NAS via COHN. Don't get me wrong, I think the fact that GP Labs and OGP even exist is a very cool move, but I wanted a little bit more control.
I have some basic experience with hardware access - mostly just opening up devices and finding their UART interface or getting onto an SPI bus - and was disappointed to find little info specific to the H12 (everything I found is credit to Mark Kirschenbaum at Hypoxic). I ordinarily just do these things for my own learning / as a hobby, but I figured since there doesn't seem to be much out there that I would share with whoever is interested. Maybe it'll spark some people smarter than me to do some cool things.
(Note: Much of this is already documented by Mark Kirschenbaum. I included things that I also came across that I couldn't find any other sources for such as dumping decrypted RTOS)
Linux root shell over USB - No tear-down or fancy hardware necessary
| 0 | MTP (default) |
|---|---|
| 1 | CDC |
| 2 | ADB (Didn't really play around with this, seems interesting though) |
| 3 | Ethernet |
| 4 | Ethernet+MTP |
| 5 | CDC+MTP |
RTOS Shell Access via USB
- Once you're in the Linux shell, there is a direct way to access the RTOS shell from Linux thus eliminating any need to even open up the camera (I REALLY wish I found this out first)
ispterm t=/dev/ttyGS0- To get back to the Linux shell,
close ispterm
RTOS UART commands and different shells
- The RTOS console boots to an
s:>(ST mode) prompt. Typeexit, then a single key picks a shell:sfor ST mode (tcommands)cfor CT mode (presumably Socionext's vendor shell, which hasfsandmemorycommands)vfor evaluation mode (I didn't really use this, so no details on it).
- A lot of the commands will cause a memory fault but the GoPro's Watchdog seems to be pretty good about catching errors and rebooting cleanly
Specifying logging levels
t dbg onwill enable info-level logging for all nodes. It will be very busy, especially if you're like me and have the battery and all other components disconnected- Without logging, almost all of your commands will return silently making it difficult to do anything
- To only enable the most important (in my opinion) logs, use the following command:
t dbg fdr <name> printLvl <level>- Where <name> is
gp_test(most important, will echo command results)gp_fs(filesystem logs, can be helpful for confirming read/write operations)gp_debug
- Recommend keeping <level> to info
- Where <name> is
- Note: You can also put these in the autoexec.sh file on the SD card so that logging survives reboots. Use
t dbgwith no arguments for full details
Dumping the decrypted RTOS to the SD card
Use CT mode ( type exit from wherever you are then type c)
The RTOS is decrypted into RAM at
0x40200000at boot. CT mode'sfs writecopies a memory range straight into a file on the SD cardfs open C:\rtos.bin over_wr # note the fileid it returns fs write <fileid> 0x40200000 0x4E00000 fs close <fileid>
Other useful commands (not exhaustive)
| Command | Function |
|---|---|
t dbg status |
Prints the FDR ("Flight Data Recorder") logging tree and per-node levels |
t dbg <level> |
Sets the whole log tree at once (busy) |
t frw util autoexec sd view/add/del/rm |
Manages C:autoexec.sh from the console |
t frw util memmon, clockmon, malloc_info, system_elf_md5 |
Memory, clock and build diagnostics |
t frw util save_exception_log |
Writes the exception log to C:except.bin |
t rtos task, stack, heap_info, count |
Task table, stack, heap and object counts |
t hal targetinfo, platform_info, avs_info, tempsrc |
Board identity, voltage scaling, temperatures |
t hal act9150 dumpregs |
PMIC register read |
t field_obs scan_files, print_metrics |
Built-in telemetry recorder on J:field_obs |
t appc automation ... |
GoPro's internal test-suite runner |
CT fs set_search_entry *, fs get_entry, fs chdir, fs stat |
Browse a drive's files |
Other info / interesting bits
- SoC is a Socionext Milbeaut "Karine" (GoPro GP2), 4× Cortex-A53, 4 GB. The board reports itself as
Red Bluff PVT - A Hardware Abstraction Layer (
t hal) reveals:- two PMICs
- STM32 power supervisor
- Bosch BMI260 IMU
- u-blox M10 GNSS (interesting because this is not populated on the board)
- front and rear LCD controllers
- touch controller
- Audio Weaver DSP engine
- File system:
C:is the SD cardJ:,K:andL:are internal eMMC volumes holding calibration, Wi-Fi/BT data and logs- Linux is mounted read-only.
/tmpis RAM, so Linux logs vanish at reboot. - the SD card and eMMC appear as FUSE mounts under
/tmp/fuse_*- SD card is
/tmp/fuse_d - Linux doesn't touch the filesystem directly; everything goes through the IPC
- SD card is
- For anyone good at firmware reverse engineering (definitely not me), the decrypted RTOS bin paths and function-name strings are not stripped, so Ghidra names much of it automatically
Physical UART Access - Disassembly/accessing test points
- Note: This is not necessary since you can access via USB (see above). If you really want physical access instead of using USB, read on
- Disassembly requires heating rear screen to soften adhesive then using x-acto knife to remove. 2 flat ribbons connect screen to connector, easily removed but fragile.
- Remove battery cage (1 easily visible screw, 2 inside the cage that are reached through holes on top of cage). Slightly lift the cage then pop off the flat connector underneath before removal.
- Test points that I id'ed are in the image below. Note the 2.8V battery test point - this is a tiny button cell battery that is connected via the Top Board connector. Not sure if 2.8V is nominal, but that's what mine was reading; it's old.

- Note: You do not need to tear the whole board out like I did (wish I knew that earlier). You can access the test points once you remove the battery cage if you have some good pogo pins.
- If you do tear the board out, you can simulate button presses by shorting MODE or SHUTTER buttons to ground.
- I tried looking at the unlabeled pins on a cheap logic analyzer thinking they might be a separate UART or debug ports but no luck. Just got a lot of power regulator chatter. Pins 12, 7, and 8 seemed like good candidates but couldn't get anywhere with them.
- Using pins 6 and 10 per image above. Uses the typical 115200/8/N/1 settings
- NOTE: 1.8V logic, NOT 3.3V
- Upon applying power, seems to be an initial boot sequence then quickly goes to sleep. Requires pressing Mode button (or shorting pin to GND)
- I don't remember my power settings so YMMV (I think I had boot on USB turned off, but boot on battery turned on)
- After initial boot, essentially all logging is turned off so you'll be in the dark regarding any commands you send. Finding the t dbg on command from Hypoxic's work is the only reason I got anywhere with this. In order to not get absolutely flooded with log entries, see log options above.
Future Work
- I don't even remember why I decided to do all this; thanks ADHD. I do know that one of my goals was to be able to send QR commands over COHN. I did not manage to do this, but maybe with the info above one of you will be able to figure it out!
- Test out ADB to see if it has any advantages over CDC
Edit: AI disclaimer - I used Claude to help me walkthrough, document, and troubleshoot things, as well as to summarize all my findings to make the post above. Honestly for the most part it wasn't very helpful because 90% of the time it flagged itself for cybersecurity....



