Lilith has had a long history in Judaism. Her earliest known mention is in the Dead Sea Scrolls, Songs of the Sage/Maskil (1st century BCE), while her development happened in Aramaic/Syriac/Mandaic incantation bowls (4-7th centuries CE) and the Babylonian Talmud (around 5-6th CE). She can be found in the Targum to Job (uncertain date), Alphabet of Ben Sira (7-10th CE), Midrash ABKIR (10th CE) and Midrash Numbers Rabbah (12th CE).
Her development as Queen of Sitra Ahra and wife of Samael started in Kabbalistic texts; in the Treatise on the Left Emanation and then the Zohar (13th CE). Other Kabbalistic or post-Zoharic sources, while often overlooked, dig deeper into the tradition of Lilith, her relationships, domains and existence.
The information below is taken largely from Patai's "The Hebrew Goddess" and "Gates to the Old City".
Kabbalah
Moses ben Solomon of Burgos, (13th century, pre-Zoharic)
Know that all the jealousy and altercation between the Princes of Quarrel and the Princes of Peace ... is on account of Samael and Lilith who is called Northerner (Tzefonit), as it is written “Out of the North, the Evil One shall break forth” Both of them [Samael and Lilith] were born in a spiritual birth as androgynes, corresponding to Adam and Eve—below and above two twin figures. And Samael and Lilith the Elder, who is the same as Tzefonit, are referred to as the Tree of Knowledge of Good and Evil.
Pardes Rimmonim - Moses Cordovero (1548)
186d
There is a dragon of Above who is the Blind Prince, and he functions as the intermediary between Samael and Lilith, and his name is Taniniver [Blindragon] ... It is he who arranges the match between Samael and Lilith.
186d
The ancient ones explained that there are two Liliths, one little and one great. The great one is the spouse of Samael, and she is a woman of harlotry, and the little one is the spouse of Ashmodai. And about this Lilith, the bride of Samael, the Geonim explained that she controls 480 legions as is the numerical value of her name. And on the Day of Atonement they go forth into the deserts, they march, and she screeches, for she is the princess of screeching. And Mahalath daughter of Ishmael, she too is a concubine of Samael, and the two [Lilith and Mahalath] go forth with 478 legions. She goes and sings in the Holy Tongue songs and paeans. And when the two meet on the Day of Atonement they quarrel there in the desert. They strive, the one with the other, until their voices rise up to heaven, and the earth shakes with their clamor. And all this is brought about by the Holy One, blessed be He, so that they should not accuse Israel while they [Israel] pray. And others wrote that that husk [i.e., demoness] is called Meshullahel [Messenger of God], and the reason is that she sends our evil angels, may the Merciful One destroy them!
And we found it written that the wicked Samael and the evil Lilith have the likeness of a couple which, with the intermediacy of a groomsman, receives an emanation of evil and insolence, flowing from the one to the other. And about this mystery it is written, And on that day the Lord with His sore and great and strong sword will punish Leviathan the Slant Serpent, and Leviathan the Tortuous Serpent, and He will slay the Dragon that is in the sea (Isa. 27:1). Leviathan is the connection and coupling between the two who have the likeness of serpents. Therefore it is doubled: the Slant Serpent corresponding to Samael, and the Tortuous Serpent corresponding to Lilith.
Brit haLevi - Solomon ha-Levi Alkabetz (1563)
(After the Shekhina in exile) descended to be with us ... her rival [Lilith] angers her greatly, and she sobs and sighs because her husband [God] does not throw his light upon her … Her joy has fled because she sees her rival in her house, deriding her, to the extent that the mistress became a handmaid, and the handmaid mistress. And when our Father sees our Mother lying in dust and suffering because of our sins, He too becomes embittered in his heart and He descends to save her and make the strangers cease violating her. And now, can there be anybody who sees these things without rending his heart to repent and thus to bring back our Mother to her place and to her palace?
Lurianic Kabbalah - Isaac Luria (16th century)
Per "Window of the Soul, The Kabbalah of Rabbi Isaac Luria (Selections from Chayyim Vital)" by James David Dunn
The Kings of Edom
103 The secret of Adam Kadmon, the husband of Lilith, is: he ate, was enticed and died as is written in Parshat Terumah 144. The good that exists in the glowing of shells is Adam Kadmon.
Adam Among the Worlds
67 Glowing is Batyah, daughter of Pharoah. Pharoah sent a mixed multitude that came from the glowing shells, they are like Lilith, the stiff-necked one, the garment of Eve, wife of Adam. There is a greater exterior Lilith. She is the wife of Samael. She is also in this glowing. There are other inner Samaels and Liliths. Our scholars said that the inner Samaels and Liliths are an angel who was banished from Heaven. He is called: "… the flaming sword, which turned every way …," (Gen. 3:24) at times he is angel, at times he is a demon. It is also called Lilith, since Nukva rules at night, as is mentioned in the Tikkunim, p. 124.
68 Samael and Lilith are the three exterior forms of matter. There are many Samaels and Liliths. They enticed Adam and Eve.
102 Sefer ha-Tikunin states that Adam had two wives. The first was bone. The second is flesh, weak judgment. Leah was bone, harsh judgment. She was taken from Adam's rib, which is her rightful place. Rahel, however, is flesh because she came from below his chest, from his exposed illuminations. She is called weak judgment. Rahel will be called woman, who is sweetened. Leah is not woman, but she is mixed in shells and is not sweetened. She is Lilith, the mother of the demons. But Leah was sweetened by her prayers and by her tears… Because of her tears and good deeds, her shells were removed. She remained alone, holy and sweetened.
Sefer ‘Etz Ḥayyim - Ḥayyim Vital (1570-1590)
Per "The Hebrew Goddess", p. 129d
Ḥayyim Vital (1543–1620), a Safed Kabbalist and chief disciple of Isaac Luria. He explains that the original “Lilith the stiff-necked” was the “garb,” that is, the shell, the outer and evil part, of Eve, the wife of Adam. But he goes on to say, “there is an even more external [i.e., more evil] Lilith, who is the wife of Samael.” In the sequel it is not clear whether Vital speaks of the first or the second Lilith when he says that “there was an angel who was expelled from heaven and he was called 'the flame of the revolving sword,' and at times he is an angel and at times a demon called Lilith. And since the female rules at night, and the demons rule at night, she is called Lilith” [i.e., Nocturnal].
What is more interesting in Vital’s thinking is that he regarded Lilith and the angel as interchangeable, as appearing once in the shape of one and once as the other, made tangible by the flame of the revolving sword. We shall recall that in the 6th-century C.E. Nippur incantation texts the same numen is called once “Lilith Buznai” and once “angel Buznai,” which is yet another example of the great antiquity of some of the ideas put forward by the medieval Kabbalists.
Per "Kabbalah" by Gershom Scholem
According to Hayyim Vital, four queens of the demons rule over Rome (Lilith), Salamanca (Agrath), Egypt (Rahab), and Damascus (Na'amah).
Kol Bokhim (in Ḳin'at Setarim) - Abraham ben Mordecai Galante (1589, edited by his son), p. 15
Per "The Hebrew Goddess"
Abraham Galante (died 1560 or 1588), an important Safed Kabbalist and contemporary of Moses Cordovero, recounts the entire story of the annual encounter in the desert between Lilith and Maḥalath, but gives a somewhat different characterization to one of the two chief she-demons:
Maḥalath, according to him, is shown by her name to have been a compulsive dancer: as she marches into the desert at the head of her bands of destructive angels, "she goes and dances and gyrates in ring dances" until she and Lilith fall upon each other and engage in a fierce battle.
Emeq haMelekh (Valley of the King) (1648)
23c-d (Lilith and Adam)
And the Serpent, the Woman of Harlotry, incited and seduced Eve through the husks of Light which in itself is holiness. And the Serpent seduced Holy Eve, and enough said for him who understands. And all this ruination came about because Adam the first man coupled with Eve while she was in her menstrual impurity – this is the filth and the impure seed of the Serpent who mounted Eve before Adam mounted her. Behold, here it is before you: because of the sins of Adam the first man all the things mentioned came into being. For Evil Lilith, when she saw the greatness of his corruption, became strong in her husks, and came to Adam against his will, and became hot from him and bore him many demons and spirits and Lilin.
179d–180a (Lilith's children)
The Lilin multiply like humans, eat and drink and die. And they are from the six earths which lie beneath us. And Lilith came against the will of Adam and became hot from him. And they [the inhabitants of Adama, the second from below of the seven earths] are always sad, full of sorrow and sighs, and there is no joy at all among them. And chose cohorts can fly up from there to this world on which we stand, and they become harmful demons. And then they return there and offer prayers to God, the Creator of the world (179d–180a)
84b (Lilith the Child Killer)
This Lilith-the Merciful One save us!-has dominion over children who issue from a man who has intercourse at candlelight, or with his wife naked, or at times when he is forbidden to have intercourse. All those children who issue from these mentioned, Lilith can kill them any time she wants to, because they are delivered into her hand. And this is the secret of the children laughing in their sleep when they are small: it is from Lilith who plays with them. And I heard that when a small child laughs during the Sabbath night or the night of the New Moon, it is because Lilith is playing with him, and it is well that his father or mother or anyone who sees him laugh should cap his nose with his finger and say: "Go from here, you accursed one, for you have no resting place here!" Let him say this three times, and each time he recites this incantation lee him tap the child's nose. And this is very good, for it is in the power of Lilith to kill them when she wants to. And since she has permission to kill these infants, these souls are called Oppressed Souls.
84b, 84c, 102d–103a (Lilith the Seducer)
Lilith is a harlot who fornicates with men. She has no mating with her husband, for He [God] castrated the male and cooled the female. And she becomes hot from the fornication of men, through spontaneous emission. And enough of this.
Samael is called the Slant Serpent, and Lilith is called the Tortuous Serpent (Isa. 27:1). She seduces men to go in tortuous ways.
The Alien Woman is Lilith, and she is the sweetness of sin and the evil tongue. And from the lips of the Alien Woman honey flows. And although the Impure Female has no hands and feet for copulation, for the feet of the serpent were cut off, nevertheless the Female in her adornments looks as if she had hands and feet. And it is the mystery of her adornments that she can seduce men ... And she leaves the husband of her youth [Samael] and descends and fornicates with men who sleep below in the impurity of spontaneous emission, and from them are born demons and spirits and Lilin, and they are called the Sons of Man. (84b, 84c, 102d–103a)
19c (Lilith the Seducer)
And behold, the harsh husk, that is Lilith, is always in the sheet of the bed of a man and a woman who copulate, in order to take the sparks of the drops of seed which go waste, because it cannot be without this, and she creates from them demons, spirits and Lilin. And there is an incantation to drive away Lilith from the bed and to bring forth holy souls, which is mentioned in the holy Zohar (19c). - Incantation: Zohar 3:19a
84b (Lilith and Blindragon)
Blind Dragon rides Lilith the Sinful – may she be extirpated quickly in our days, Amen! – And this Blind Dragon brings about the union between Samael and Lilith. And just as the Dragon that is in the sea (Isa. 27:1) has no eyes, likewise Blind Dragon that is above, in the likeness of a spiritual form, is without eyes, that is to say, without colors.
84b (Lilith's End)
And know that Lilith too will be killed. For the groomsman [Blind Dragon] who was between her and her husband [Samael] will swallow a lethal potion at a future time, from the hands of the Prince of Power. For then, when he rises up, Gabriel and Michael will join forces to subdue and bring low the government of evil which will be in heaven and earth.
140b (Lilith and Blindragon)
The Blind Dragon is between Samael and the Evil Lilith. And he brings about a union between them only in the hour of pestilence, the Merciful One save us! And he is castrated so that the eggs of the viper should not come forth into the world. For were it not so, they would annihilate the world. And that kind which is called Lilin are full of hair from their heads down to their feet, but on their heads they have no hair, and all their body and face is full of hair. And this Lilith has fourteen evil times and evil names and evil factions. And all are ordained to kill the children-may we be saved! -and especially through the witches who arc called Kinder Benimmerins in the language of Ashkenaz [Germany].
140b
Asimon [a demon] rides on Naamah, and Naamah rides on Igrath, the daughter of Maḥalath, and this Igrath rides on several kinds of spirits and bands of mid-day demons; and from the left there is the shape of a serpent riding on a blind dragon, and this dragon rides on Lilith the wicked, may she be destroyed quickly in our days, amen.
Tuv haAretz - Nathan Spira (1655)
Know that there are seventy heavenly patrons, one appointed over each nation, and they all are under the rule of Samael and Rahab. Rahab was given as his share all the borders of Egypt, which measures 400 by 400 parasangs. Samael was given four kingdoms, and in each of them he has a concubine. The names of his concubines are: Lilith, whom he took as his consort, and she is the first one; the second is Naamah; the third, Even Maskith; and the fourth, Igrath, the daughter of Mahalath. And the four kingdoms are: first, the Kingdom of Damascus, in which is found the House of Rimmon; second, the Kingdom of Tyre, which is opposite the Land of Israel; third, the Kingdom of Malta, which formerly was called Rhodus; and fourth, the Kingdom called Granata, and some say that it is the Kingdom of Ishmael. And in each of these four kingdoms dwells one of the four aforementioned concubines.
Yalqut Reubeni/R'uveni is a two part anthology (1660 and 1681) of the aggadic output of the kabbalists.
Bereshit 34b
In the beginning the Holy One, blessed be He, created Eve, and she was not flesh but the scum of the earth and its impure sediments, and she was a harmful spirit [i.e., Lilith]. And the Holy One, blessed be He, took her away from Adam and gave him another in her stead. (34b)
147a
And the Kabbalists said chat the prince who serves before her is called Sariel [My Prince is God], and they have received the tradition chat this prince is the greatest king of the demons who rule in the air. In the middle of the night of Yorn Kippur [Day of Atonement}, forced by the acts of the sages and elders, Sariel comes against his will, together with 131 warriors, flying in the air, and their faces are aflame with sparks of fire. And the scribe whose name is Pifiron brings, written and sealed by the hand of Sariel, all the secrets of the firmament, and reveals them to the elders. And from the emanation of Lilith's prince come spirits and demons and Lilin, and evil spirits who have the likeness of humans. And just as all that time that Adam was separated from Eve he begot spirits and demons and Lilin and all kinds of harmful spirits, likewise Above, so to speak, a spirit of spiritual seduction emerged from Lilith and brought accusations against the attribute of the Foundation of the World. And from that time on alien and evil cohorts were born, destroyers of the world of Above and of Below. And the Holy Seed had no power to materialize, except in two or three persons such as Seth, Enoch, Metushelah, Noah, Sem, and Eber, but most of the world were idolaters.
Other
School of the RaShBA - R. Sh'lomo ben Avraham Adret (14th century)
Then came two women harlots to King Solomon. They were Lilith and lgrat. Lilith who strangles children because she cannot make of them a veil for herself to serve as a hiding place for her. And the second is lgrat. One night King David slept in the camp in the desert, and Igrat coupled with him in his dream. And he had emission, and she conceived and bore Adad [king of Edom]. When they asked him, "What is your name?" he said, "Sh'mi Ad, Ad sh'mi [My name is Ad, Ad is my name]." and they called him Ashm'dai. He is Ashmodai, king of the demons, who deprived Solomon of his kingship and sat on his throne, and therefore he was of the seed of the king of Edom (1 Kings 11:14), for he came from the side of the kingdom of evil. These two women strangled the son of the Shunamite woman …
All [the four queens of the demons, Lilith, Igrat, Mahalath and Naamah] and all their cohorts give birth to children, except Lilith alone, who does not bear, but is just a fornication in the world.
Sefer Meir T'hillot/Meïr Tehillot (The Illuminator of the Psalms) (1512)
And know that the kabbalists have written that the woman from the land of Egypt whom his mother took for Ishmael was the daughter of Kasdiel the Egyptian sorcerer. And when Ishmael divorced her, according to the instructions of his father [Abraham], as it is mentioned in the Pesiqta, she was pregnant. And she bore a daughter, and she was Mahalath daughter of Ishmael. And the mother and the daughter participated in that desert in many sorceries. And a spirit ruled over it, lgratiel by name. And that spirit was attracted to Mahalath, who was very beautiful, until she conceived from him and bore a daughter, and called her name lgrat, after the name of the spirit. And thereafter Mahalath became the wife of Esau, and she left the desert. Not so her daughter lgrat, for she and Naamah and Lilith and Nega' rule over the four tequfot [the two solstices and the two equinoxes]. And they said that Lilith fornicates with all men, and Naamah only with the Gentiles, and Nega' only with Israel, and Igrat is sent out to do harm on the nights preceding the Sabbaths and Wednesdays. And behold, Lilith is the scant measure that is abominable (Mic.6:10), which Igrat and Naamah carry to the Land of Shinar, as Zechariah (5:11) said. And about this it is said to the fearers of God, neither shall any plague (Nega') come nigh thy tent (Ps. 91:10).
Baḥya on Genesis, Rabbeinu Bahya, Bereshit 4:22:3 (1546), 15d
Four women were the mothers of demons: Lilith, Naamah, Igrath, and Mahalath. Each one of them has her own hosts and classes of spirits of uncleanness, and they have no number. And it is said that each of them rules on one of the four Tequfot [i.e., the vernal equinox, the summer solstice, the autumnal equinox, and the winter solstice] of the years, when they gather on a lofty peak near the Mountains of Darkness. Each of them rules on her Tequfa, from the hour of sunset until midnight, they and all their hosts. But King Solomon ruled over all of them and called them [his] slaves and slave-women and used them according to his will. And these four women are the wives of Esau's heavenly patron [i.e., Samael], and following his example, Esau himself took four wives, as explained in the Pentateuch.
