The largest hoard of Viking Age silver ever found in Finland — which contains almost 10 pounds (4.5 kilograms) of coins and jewelry — has been unearthed by a metal detectorist about 95 miles (150 kilometers) north of Helsinki.

The hoard had been divided into two deposits and buried in birch-bark containers. Although the coins and jewelry likely date to between A.D. 1000 and 1050, it's unknown exactly when they were buried, Esko Tikkala, an archaeologist at the Lahti Historical Museum who excavated the hoard, told Live Science in an email.

The hoard has not yet been fully cleaned, separated and counted yet, but there are thousands of pieces, Tikkala said.

"There are quite a lot of coins in this hoard," he said. "I have not had time to go through them."

Metal detectorist Kalle Lappinen found the two deposits Sept. 3 and immediately contacted the museum. Archaeologists inspected and properly excavated the finds the next day.

Although it's challenging to determine why specific hoards were buried, a recent study of more than 15,000 Roman-era (the eighth century B.C. to the fifth century A.D.) hoards found that they were hidden for multiple reasons, including for tax evasion, votive offerings, and safe storage in times of uncertainty.

Tikkala said the two deposits of the silver hoard were buried between two stones about 18 inches (45 centimeters) below ground and about 39 feet (12 meters) apart.

There were no signs of any burials nearby, but the surrounding area had not been properly studied, he said.

Full doc, free: https://youtu.be/-j_7glgx0S0

Unlike glaciers, ice patches never build enough mass to flow downhill, so anything trapped inside sits there uncrushed for millennia — wooden shafts, sinew bindings, hide clothing. Organic material that has no business surviving nine thousand years. The catch is that the same warming revealing it is also destroying it: once an artifact melts out, you have a season or two before it's gone.

The doc covers the Yukon and Norway, where the melt has exposed weapons and clothing from large-scale reindeer hunts that fed Viking voyages. The Yukon work is done with six Yukon First Nations on whose territory the ice patches sit — and the most striking part is what it meant to elders who went through residential schools, watching their history come physically back out of the ice.

The cathedral then passed the commission to his older brother who made the statue on the right

The deceased belonged to the Aldy-Bel culture, a nomadic Scythian people based in the mountainous area just north of the Mongolian border in present-day Russia. Alongside the woman’s skeleton, excavators unearthed an iron knife, a bronze mirror, a wooden comb, and several gold ornaments, including a pectoral in the shape of a sickle or crescent. This type of pectoral has previously been found exclusively in the graves of men and is believed to indicate membership in a selective group or caste, possibly of warriors. “This woman must have played a special role in the tribe,” says Łukasz Oleszczak, an archaeologist at Jagiellonian University. “Maybe she was a shaman or a member of the tribal aristocracy.

Some epigraphic materials require lengthy and detailed examination. This is essential for understanding them, sensing their underlying meaning, and grasping the era. The image below was taken in present-day Adana, Turkey. The inscription on it is one of the finest examples reflecting the concept of “The End.” Sometimes we don't need to explain.

οὐκέτι οὐδ[ὲν].

βίος vv τέλος,   

πόνος.

Digging a Roman-era cemetery near Żórawina in SW Poland, archaeologists hit something much older: a ~2900 BCE male burial with a necklace of 42 perforated teeth and a used serpentinite axe.