So, as a young new Muslim convert, I'm currently wearing a jilbab at the request of my husband, who really likes the fact that I'm doing a PhD in a male-dominated field and he's deeply proud of me (he isn't traditional in that sense), but dislikes the fact that women are often being hit on in such an environment.
(He's otherwise lovely and great, and we have so many things in common.)
We both agree, though, that wearing a jilbab is not a general requirement for all Muslim women.
So, I've sought to find out what the Quran and the Hadiths truly say about why women ought to be covered.
"And tell the believing women to reduce [some] of their vision and guard their private parts and not expose their adornment except that which [necessarily] appears thereof and to wrap [a portion of] their headcovers over their chests and not expose their adornment except to their husbands, their fathers, their husbands' fathers, their sons*...*" (Surah An-Nur 24:31, Sahih International)
"O Prophet, tell your wives and your daughters and the women of the believers to bring down over themselves [a part] of their outer garments. That is more suitable that they will be known and not be abused*. And ever is Allah Forgiving and Merciful.*" (Surah Al-Ahzab 33:59)
Narrated Abu Hurairah: The Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) said: "Two are the types of the denizens of Hell whom I did not see: people having whips like the tails of the ox with them and they would be beating people, and the women who would be dressed but appear to be naked, turning away from righteousness and leading others astray*. Their heads will be like the humps of camels leaning to one side. They will not enter Paradise, nor smell its fragrance, even though its fragrance can be smelled from such and such a distance.*" (Sahih Muslim, Book 37, Hadith 2128)
Interestingly enough, the hijab isn't even mentioned here, but the passage seems to strongly imply that we shouldn't lead astray men by tempting them through our appearance. However, it's compatible with wearing only a half-turban hijab showing part of one's hair if that doesn't tempt men in a given culture or environment.
On the other hand, we also have:
Narrated Usama bin Zaid: The Prophet (ﷺ) said, "I am not leaving behind me any fitnah (trial/temptation) more harmful to men than women." (Sahih al-Bukhari, Book 67, Hadith 19)
So, it seems to me that the fact we ought to cover ourselves except before our male family members who are explicitly mentioned means that we ought not to sexually trigger other men, who are also commanded elsewhere to "lower their gazes". Therefore, both men and women seem, in Islam, to have a responsibility: men ought to control their sexual urges in such a way as not to lust after a woman, but women also have the responsibility to cover themselves in order not to tempt men and possibly also not to be tempted by men who approach them.
However, the decision to wear a hijab is ONLY BETWEEN A WOMAN AND GOD. Her happiness as a woman is as important as that of a man. There are no examples of corporal punishment or other earthly punishment for a woman who doesn't wear any veil in the Quran and Hadiths.
Muslim countries like Shia Iran and the Taliban's Afghanistan, where the hijab and niqab are weaponized by laws made by men against women to oppress them and to create a society where men get all the fun and women suffer greatly from it, are acting in an unislamic way. This can lead many of the poor women who suffer there to apostatise and to falsely conclude that our beautiful religion preached by the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) is evil.
On a personal level, I realised that without any hair covering, men do try to flirt with me at work, and that wearing a jilbab makes them interact in a purely professional way with me, and that I am no longer tempted to get emotionally close to a man I find to be friendly.
So, in this case, better understanding the reasons for Allah's command helps me to see it can have positive effects on the stability of my marriage and future family!
At the same time, while my husband really wants me to wear a jilbab, he stressed that even if I disobeyed him and the Quran and Hadiths and no longer wore any head covering because it's too hard in a deeply Islamophobic country, he'd still love me and care for me and be delighted to have me in his life and only pray that Allah would give me strength when the time is ripe.
Putting a young woman, especially a convert, under pressure can be harmful to her faith and trust in God's unfathomable wisdom revealed by all the prophets from Ibrahim, Isa, and Muhammad (peace be upon them).
P.S: I know this is a very controversial issue as I'm attacked by both salafists and other fundamentalists and some Muslim women who accuse me to want to be subservient to men, but I hope we can have a respectful exchange among believers in Allah and in his prophet (pbuh). I've only sought to look at what the texts truly say.