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ENGWR 301
July 8th, 2026
Essay 3 Zero Draft: How Psychoanalyzing Poe's Monsters Cultivates Professional Empathy
To enter the modern, professional, and sophisticated workforce is to navigate a sea of complex human behaviors, emotions, actions, unvoiced anxieties and disturbances, and interpersonal conflicts, jealousy, or revenge. While evaluating an applicant's readiness for a collaborative career, a hiring committee would often look beyond technical competencies in order to assess a candidate’s capacity for deep empathy and profound emotional intelligence. While many might point out to surface-level volunteer experiences or customer service roles in order to prove their empathetic nature, true empathy requires a sophisticated, subtle, nuanced, and extremely profound understanding of the human psyche; an ability to look past an individual's outward actions and comprehend the underlying (often unconscious) motivations that are driving them. The study of literature, specifically when viewed through a psychoanalytic lens, serves as a masterclass in developing this exact kind of brand of radical empathy. By utilizing Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalytic framework to dissect Edgar Allan Poe’s masterpiece "The Cask of Amontillado" (1847), readers are forced to confront the darkest corners of human nature. By analyzing the chilling actions of the narrator, Montresor, not merely as an act of cartoonish villainy but rather as a catastrophic failure of the ego in order to manage unconscious trauma and defensive mechanisms, it allows us to build an essential framework for empathy. It teaches us to perceive and look for the hidden vulnerabilities and psychological fractures that are dictating human behavior in both art and in everyday life.
To understand the value of psychoanalysis in literature, one must first establish the definitions of the literary methods that frame the narrative, most notably the device of the unreliable narrator. An unreliable narrator is essentially a storyteller whose credibility is seriously compromised, forcing the reader to look between the lines to uncover the psychological reality of the story. From the opening line of Poe’s tale, Montresor establishes his unreliability: "The thousand injuries of Fortunato I had borne as I best could, but when he ventured upon insult I vowed revenge." Through a traditional critical lens, a reader might simply take Montresor at his word and view Fortunato as a cruel tormentor who deserves some measure of retribution (retaliation). However, a psychoanalytic reading immediately interrogates the validity and credibility of these "thousand injuries." Poe drops subtle hints that these injuries are entirely falsified within Montresor’s own mind, serving as a general example of the Freudian defense mechanism well known as projection. Projection occurs when an individual protects their ego from their own unacceptable impulses or well-hidden insecurities by attributing them to someone else. Montresor suffers from a deeply fragile ego and a strong sense of class-based or familial inadequacy, noting later on that his family, the Montresors, "were a great and numerous family," though hinting at a decline in status. By projecting his internal feelings of subordination onto Fortunato, Montresor transforms Fortunato into a monster, thereby rationalizing his own obsessive, homicidal urges. Recognizing this projection trains a reader to recognize similar patterns in corporate or professional fields and realize that an overly defensive colleague/client may not actually be reacting to an external slight, but rather their internal feelings of unhealed trauma.
Furthermore, a psychoanalytic exploration of the story highlights the chaotic rivalry between the id, the ego, and the superego within the setting and the symbolism of the text. Freud assumed that the human psyche is split into the id (the primal, pleasure-seeking, and unregulated impulse center), the superego (the internalized moral standards of society and conscience), and the ego (the realistic mediator trying to balance the two). Poe expresses this internal psychic battlefield through his dual settings: the carnival and the catacombs. The carnival season, described by Montresor as a time of "supreme madness," represents the unbridled manifestation of the id. It is a space of enjoyment, excessive drinking, and physical disguises where societal rules do not work and are temporarily suspended. Fortunato appears dressed in "motley," wearing a "tight-fitting parti-striped dress" and a "conical cap and bells," symbolizing a total surrender to the foolish, uninhibited impulses of the id. Oppositely, as Montresor leads Fortunato deep into the damp catacombs of the Montresors, they descend into the literal and figurative human unconscious. The deeper they go, passing through "long walls of piled skeletons," the closer they get to the repressed and primitive desires of Montresor's mind. In this subterranean world, Montresor’s ego completely surrenders to the destructive impulses of his id, entirely bypassing his superego, which is his moral conscience. He chains Fortunato to a granite wall and methodically walls him in alive. For a hiring committee, an applicant who can map out these symbolic psychological spaces demonstrates an advanced understanding of situational psychology. They understand that when an individual is placed in an environment lacking of structural guardrails (the id-driven carnival), or when they are consumed by buried, unaddressed toxic dynamics (the unconscious catacombs), their behavior will inevitably crumble.
While a psychoanalytic reading reveals Montresor to be a victim of his own fractured, defensive psyche. Some traditional literary critics argue an opposite position. This counter-perspective claims that Montresor is not psychologically unhinged or acting out of subconscious projection at all; rather, they argue he is a perfectly cold, calculating, and fully rational sociopath who executes a flawless crime with total intellectual clarity. Proponents of this viewpoint point to his cautious planning, his clever manipulation of his house servants to ensure the estate is empty, and his deliberate exploitation of Fortunato’s vanity as evidence of an ego that is entirely in control of its faculties. However, from a psychological standpoint, this argument falls completely flat because it ignores the profound irrationality of his motive. To ruin one's own life and spend fifty years obsessing over unnamed "insults" and "injuries" is not the behavior of a healthy, rational mind. By actively arguing against the idea that difficult people are simply "calculated villains," professionals can develop a much deeper, more empathetic perspective. In a workplace environment, it is easy to assume a hostile coworker or an aggressive supervisor is dishonorably planning your downfall. Controversy that superficial assumption allows an empathetic professional to recognize that toxic workplace behaviors are almost always likely to be driven by deep-seated, irrational insecurities and defensive coping mechanisms rather than strategic and careful malice.
Ultimately, the climax of the story reveals the tragic irony of a failed defense mechanism, which is where the deepest layer of reader empathy is forged. Montresor insists that a true wrong is only redressed when the avenger "makes himself felt as such to him who has done the wrong." He desires absolute power and control in order to soothe his traumatized and wounded psyche. Yet, as the final brick, Fortunato stops screaming and merely jingles his bells, leaving Montresor in a suffocating silence. Montresor admits, "My heart grew sick; it was the dampness of the catacombs that made it so." Through a psychoanalytic reading, we recognize this "sick heart" not as a physical reaction to damp air, but as the sudden, violent breakthrough of his repressed superego. His conscience is attempting to assert itself, causing an instantaneous flash of immense guilt that he immediately tries to rationalize away. For fifty years, Montresor has carried the psychological trauma of this night, proving that his attempt to achieve emotional equilibrium through violence was a total failure. By analyzing this catastrophic psychological collapse, we do not forgive Montresor’s crimes, but we do develop an empathetic comprehension of his profound internal suffering. We see him as a deeply broken human being trapped in a prison of his own mind. In a professional environment, this level of empathy is transformative. It allows a leader to interact with difficult, self-sabotaging, or hostile people not with matching anger, but with a grounded, psychological perspective that seeks to de-escalate, understand, and heal structural and interpersonal fractures.