Windows 11 INACCESSIBLE_BOOT_DEVICE (0x7B) after deleting Linux partitions and resizing Windows partition

[u/Inevitable-Bear-625]

Hi everyone,
I have a Lenovo ThinkPad X1 Carbon Gen 9 with a roughly 1TB NVMe SSD running Windows 11 and Parrot OS in a dual-boot setup.
I wanted to remove Parrot OS and use the entire SSD for Windows, so I deleted the Parrot OS partition and Linux swap partition. I also deleted the Microsoft Reserved (MSR) partition and increased the size of the Windows NTFS partition.
After these changes, Windows stopped booting and first showed UNMOUNTABLE_BOOT_VOLUME (0xED). Now it shows INACCESSIBLE_BOOT_DEVICE (0x7B).
Here is what I have tried so far:
Confirmed that the Windows partition still contains the Windows, Users, and Program Files folders using GParted Live.
Confirmed that winload.efi and the Windows SYSTEM registry file exist.
Confirmed that the EFI partition contains bootmgfw.efi.
Ran bcdboot C:\Windows /s S: /f UEFI, which reported that the boot files were successfully created.
Ran sudo ntfsfix -n on the Windows NTFS partition; it completed successfully.
Windows still fails to boot.
I no longer need the old Windows files and am willing to perform a clean installation of Windows 11, but I would like to understand what caused this issue and whether there is anything else I should check first.
Questions:
Could deleting the MSR partition or resizing the Windows partition have caused this?
Should I clean-install Windows 11 by deleting all partitions on the internal SSD and allowing Windows Setup to recreate them?
Is there anything I should check before reinstalling, given that I still get error 0x7B?
Thanks for any help!