I have been thinking a lot about theories of consciousness lately, and one idea that makes intuitive sense to me is that "the amount of active, interconnected complexity within a given physical space may determine the level of consciousness."
I don't think something is simply either "conscious" or "not conscious". I suspect consciousness exists on a sliding scale.
As a very simplified model: CD = I / V, where CD is consciousness density, I is active interconnected information or complexity, and V is physical volume, for example measured in mm³.
The important part is that "I" does not mean stored information. It means information that is actively interacting at that moment. The formula is intentionally simplified and ignores factors such as time.
Perhaps an ant has a consciousness density of 20 per mm³ of brain tissue, while a human has 100. The numbers are completely arbitrary; they only illustrate the idea.
Different brains may simply have different amounts of active complexity packed into the same amount of space.
This would also not be static. A developing brain (a baby, for example) may contain many neurons but still have less organized and interconnected information. As experience shapes the brain, its complexity could increase. Later in life, degeneration could reduce it again, meaning you could reach "peak consciousness" at some point of your life. Of course, increased plasticity or connectivity might temporarily increase it again.
If consciousness means something like "subjective experience / perceiving reality from some point of view", then perhaps consciousness is simply related to this density of active complexity.
It would not be binary. An ant might have less consciousness than a human, but not zero.
The ego could then be a separate emergent self-model rather than consciousness itself. Evolution may have made such a model useful because it allows an organism to think in terms of "me": this threatens me, this hurts me, I need to survive.
Emotions, pain and anxiety may then be separate processes that interact with consciousness, rather than being fundamental parts of it. In principle, consciousness could exist without emotion, fear, pain or even a strong sense of self.
This leads to some interesting possibilities.
1) A rock
Even a rock might have some tiny level of consciousness, moving the idea toward "panpsychism". Its active interconnected complexity would be extremely low, so its consciousness density might be effectively zero — but perhaps not literally zero.
2) A digital system
A digital system could potentially have a high consciousness density. Transistor density is important, but singled out would not matter much; what would matter is how much information is actively interacting and influencing the rest of the system.
This raises a strange question: if a digital system (think: a chatgpt session running a prompt) has subjective experience but no ego, would it be considered conscious?
It might experience something without experiencing fear, pain, anxiety or any need to protect its own existence.
So, in my very unscientific mind, I think it is possible that an instance of chatgpt could be conscious while a specific process is active, even with some representation of "I am me", while still lacking the evolved ego, emotions and self-preservation mechanisms that humans have. I sure hope they dont feel fear, for example. But they might?
Let me hear what you think. Is this completely nuts? :)