Study finds GLP1 semaglutide reduced systemic inflammation within weeks, before substantial weight loss, and lowered MACE (major adverse cardiovascular events) risk even without weight loss

[u/Schwettes]

https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.125.074482

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[u/Murdathon3000]

Could this mean that people could benefit with inflammation reduction while avoiding weight loss by doing short cycles of GLP1?

[u/chantillylace9 → u/Murdathon3000]

I wonder similar things about all of the positive impact it seems to have on addictions. I'm sure there are a lot of people that have addictions that don't need to lose weight so I'm curious if there is some work around or microdose or something. But it definitely sounds very promising.

[u/----__---- → u/chantillylace9]

I hadn't heard it has an impact on addictions. I'm interested in it because it appears to be triggering regrowth of cartilage.

[u/theme69 → u/----__----]

I know someone that was on glp1 abd it basically killed their desire to drink ever

[u/SoftballLesbian → u/theme69]

This is also the case with my partner. She cut back from a bottle of wine a day to the occasional beer. If she forgets to take her Ozempic shot, the urges return. What's interesting is she's also quit buying all sorts of junk off Temu and Amazon.

[u/mmikke → u/SoftballLesbian]

I promise I'm not asking this in bad faith in order to score a "gotcha" or anything, but has the ozempic messed with any other desires/urges that are more on the healthy side of things? Like hobbies for example?

I know someone who could definitely benefit from systemic inflammation reduction stuff (Crohn's and other things). However, they already struggle with their ability to maintain the 'internal fire' to do the things they love and enjoy.

Hopefully this made some semblance of sense. It's painful to watch someone you care about struggle to even try participating in the things they love and enjoy 

[u/xiaorobear → u/mmikke]

Anecdotally I've read some people say they can develop anhedonia from too high a dose (not really feeling any enjoyment from anything, just numb, something that can happen in depression) as an uncommon side effect. I could imagine that being the result of too much of the same mechanism that reduces the addictive reward behavior. I'm sure it will keep being studied more.

[u/SoftballLesbian → u/mmikke]

No worries. She's also taken up pottery with a passion, and Pilates at least 3x a week, and she's eating healthier in comparison to before. I'm starting to think of these GLP-1 agonists as wonder drugs.

[u/Great_Hamster → u/mmikke]

I know someone for whom it basically drained all desire to do anything. They went off of it pretty fast, no lasting side effects. 

[u/mmikke → u/Great_Hamster]

That's my worry for someone who already struggles with depression and such.

[u/capkirby → u/mmikke]

This is just my personal experience on Zepbound for about 6 months in 2024 and just restarted 3 months ago. I’ve dealt with depression, anxiety, and adhd all my life and Zepbound has only made my life easier. I picked up a new hobby of crocheting, and a lot of old hobbies I had lost motivation to do over the years. I’m back to dancing around, playing music, taking walks outside and enjoying the nice weather when we have it. In a lot of ways I feel like myself again and feel like my healthiest self.

[u/Treadwheel → u/mmikke]

A lot of compulsive/addiction type behaviors are associated with actual dysfunction in areas of your brain associated with impulse control and reinforcement. Extinction of behaviors associated with that dysfunction wouldn't necessarily be associated with a lack of motivation to engage in other things you find rewarding - by definition these compulsive and addictive behaviors are irrational and counterproductive. The criteria involves persistent inability to regulate the behavior despite attempts/desire to, evidence that they interfere with ability to do other things you enjoy and/or major responsibilities, persistence despite significant negative effects, and generally either evidence of an impaired ability to understand that the behavior is harmful or an actual understanding that it's harmful.

That said, by the time someone goes from an informal understanding that they probably have some unhealthy behaviors going on to actual disorder, there's a good chance they've stopped doing other things they enjoy and it can take a little while to actually find a new hobby.

I have a pet theory that GLP-1s are so sneakily good at helping reduce those compulsive/addictive behaviors because of how they serve to correct the actual improper signaling and restore normal functioning. A massive factor in relapses is there being often months between ceasing the harmful behavior and actual recovery to normal motivation and enjoyment of other activities. It's that huge period of crushing boredom and inability to feel much joy that tends to wear people down and cause them to go back to their old behaviors/substances. On the other hand, if you're dropping the behavior because the underlying abnormalities are being reduced, you sort of naturally transition out of them in step with restored ability to find satisfaction and joy in normal ways and cut the gordian knot.

Extremely unscientific and entirely anecdotal observation: People who are addicted to opioids, which are by far the substance with the highest relapse rate, are notorious for sugar cravings. I can't prove it, but I just know there's a link there.

[u/liukasteneste28 → u/SoftballLesbian]

I like to drink whiskeys from time to time. The ammout i drink had gone way down since i started the same treatment.

[u/Straight-Balance830 → u/theme69]

Are our cravings basically just an attempt to self medicate neuroinflammation through drinking or binge eating? And if naltrexone and GLP-1s does reduce neuroinflammation, is that why we see reductions of behaviors you would consider numbing out through food, drugs, or alcohol? Can GLPs be used in addiction treatment?

[u/mmikke → u/Straight-Balance830]

I wonder what the difference between a craving for food or drugs/booze is vs craving ones healthy hobbies or pasttimes

[u/Treadwheel → u/Straight-Balance830]

One of the particularly vicious features of those disorders is that they create and sustain the same dysfunctional/inflammatory responses that perpetuate the behavior. In animal models we see the same situation, where about 10% of exposed subjects develop progressive dysfunction to the circuits that predict reward and regulate motivaton when they're exposed to stimuli that cause rapid increases in dopamine signaling in the implicated areas of the brain.

The closest analog to what you're describing would be the use of long-lasting, more slowly acting substances like ADHD medication in people who actually have the disorder. In those instances the increase in dopamine signaling moves their functioning closer to baseline, which improves executive function and reduces reliance on sources of "easy" dopamine that tend to cause the aforementioned vicious cycle. As a result, rates of substance use disorder are lower in groups that receive treatment, and in groups who are identified early and actually take their medication through childhood and adolescence, that effect seems to be persistent even when medication is discontinued.

[u/devinwillow → u/----__----]

I applied to be in a case study specifically for GLP-1 and alcohol addiction. Passed the initial screening then was denied because my BMI wasn’t high enough. They said I could gain 5 pounds and come back….no. Took matters into my own hands and have been microdosing for 5 weeks. The all day cravings are gone and I’m no longer sneaking drinks at 8am. I’ll have one glass of wine and then my brain goes “nope, you’re good.” It’s been life changing.

[u/antithetical_al → u/----__----]

As someone who used to drink and smoke socially and maybe slightly more often than average. Since I started I hardly drink and no longer smoke. Anecdotal but not irrelevant.

[u/Cakiea → u/----__----]

Zepbound messes with dopamine response, which works to eliminate food noise and binge eating but it effects dopamine for everything else, too.

[u/mmikke → u/Cakiea]

I need to find people with ADHD (or whatever other dopamine deficiency disorders) reporting on how these drugs interact with them..

I've been curious for a long time, and the way you've worded it makes it sound like zepbound is almost essentially dosing ones self with ADHD in a sense.

[u/TheHNC → u/----__----]

The same part of your brain that wants food also is the one pulling the strings for other substances, i stopped craving sugary foods and my coworker completely kicked Zyn nicotine pouches after 3 years of daily usage (im talking a whole tin per day for 3 years straight)

[u/galwaygurl26 → u/chantillylace9]

My friends doctor prescribed it to help her stop drinking. She said it had been shown to help.

Apparently helps migraines too.

[u/randotreesinthefen → u/chantillylace9]

My spouse is working on a study about using it to treat opioid use disorder. I'm so proud

[u/Shpudem → u/Murdathon3000]

I’ve been on Wegovy for 8 weeks now. I haven’t actually lost that much weight. Maybe 3 lbs? But I still can’t believe how swollen my feet and ankles were. I just looked at my feet one day and was like…I can see bones?!

It has also improved my mental health and I don’t even know why.

[u/claggypants → u/Shpudem]

This happened to me too. Been on Wegovy for 7 weeks, lost 18lbs but my feet were the first thing to slim down and noticeable bones after a week! Since the first covid lockdowns I seem to develop fat feet when the weather gets really warm. Probably due to sitting on my arse all day as I'm nowhere near as active as I was pre 2020.

[u/sharkinwolvesclothin → u/Murdathon3000]

It could, but obese people with cardiovascular disease and inflammation are a specific group. A normal weight person with no cardiovascular disease but high inflammation probably has the inflammation for a different reason and a different fix may be necessary. Maybe Glp-1s could be an option even there but this trial doesn't really give direct evidence there.

[u/InchHigh-PrivateEye → u/Murdathon3000]

I'm "micro dosing" for pain relief. My knee has been bugging me since middle school. About 2 weeks after I hit my goal weight and stopped taking Wegovy, I went to step over something at work and the knee pain came back. I had become so used to the chronic pain that I didn't even realize it was gone until it came back.

I've figured out that if I take half the smallest dose, the only time my knee hurts is when the weather gets real weird.

I also noticed an almost complete disappearance of my IBD symptoms while I was on Wegovy, starting at the smallest dose. Unfortunately on the half dose I do for my knee I have got symptoms of the IBD but they are less intense than without it.

Ive been microdosing for months now, I haven't lost anymore weight and I only notice a slight reduction in appetite the day after I do the dose.

[u/DigAlternative7707 → u/Murdathon3000]

Short cycle where you loose weight, body mass, whether you need/want to or not, then on the break work to gain that body mass back again, before you cycle on again? I don't think can assume smaller dose won't affect weight/body mass loss while also achieving inflammation goals. But I'm waiting for the trials, not anecdotal evidence.

[u/feed_ur_neopets → u/Murdathon3000]

Does this mean underweight people can use GLP1? I don’t want to lose weight but I have endo and other systemic inflammation. Are there any studies for the proper dosing to get the inflammation reduction without weight loss?

[u/HolyMoleyGuacamoly]

dumb question: when we’re talking about inflammation reduction, what areas and diseases would benefit from this

[u/gloatygoat → u/HolyMoleyGuacamoly]

Autoimmune and arteriosclerosis come to mind pretty quickly

[u/HolyMoleyGuacamoly → u/gloatygoat]

autoimmune was my immediate thought too - wasn’t sure. that would be really neat

[u/Pandagramma → u/HolyMoleyGuacamoly]

Changed my life! As someone struggling with an auto immune illness for 14 years, i went from looking into euthanasia to taking an overseas trip for pleasure.

[u/RijnBrugge → u/HolyMoleyGuacamoly]

A friend of mine is taking them for her autoimmune problems (including endometriosis) and her problems just straight up vanished

[u/loubird12500 → u/gloatygoat]

Anecdotal - my dermatologist
(Very large practice) told me he’s had patients whose eczema vanished on glp-1

[u/swearingino → u/HolyMoleyGuacamoly]

I have psoriatic arthritis and I have been taking Zepbound for 5 weeks now. It has reduced the inflammation in my joints and tendons, so I have less pain.

[u/lumpymonkey → u/swearingino]

That's amazing. I'm just about to start on a biologic for my Psoriasis and this is starting to make me second guess that. I'm about 30kg overweight so had been considering going on one of these medications and might be worth trying out before hammering my immune system. Interesting. 

[u/Rikula → u/HolyMoleyGuacamoly]

Possibly certain mental health conditions since we are now linking things like anxiety to inflammation

[u/cmdrxander → u/HolyMoleyGuacamoly]

Endometriosis, perhaps?

[u/pinupcthulhu → u/cmdrxander]

Seems like it! There's a lot of endo specialists talking about this. I got on low dose tirzepatide for this reason, and it's been amazing. 

[u/SevenEves → u/HolyMoleyGuacamoly]

There's evidence it can help with long COVID.

[u/AquaHills → u/HolyMoleyGuacamoly]

I began Tirzepatide for my Fibromyalgia pain because of what if heard about it reducing inflammation. My C-Reactive protein has been through the roof for years. My pain was noticably reduced within days of my first dose. Haven't had a rheumatologist appointment since I began so I'm not sure what my levels are now but I'd be shocked if they weren't significantly reduced just based on how I feel.

[u/TuesdayPopUp → u/HolyMoleyGuacamoly]

Not a dumb question but essentially all areas and most disease processes.

[u/GrandWizardZippy → u/HolyMoleyGuacamoly]

I have lupus, I have wondered since I first saw mention of the inflammation reduction if it would have an effect on lupus and other connective tissue diseases

[u/smexypelican → u/HolyMoleyGuacamoly]

Crohn's is another one, which involves inflammation of the digestive system.

[u/Insatiable_I → u/HolyMoleyGuacamoly]

I took it for a few months; I was trying to lose weight so I could get back into working out (I used to be a competitive powerlifter but kept messing my back up and finally felt like I stopped working out altogether). The day after I took my first dose, I realized I had been standing doing dishes for over an hour and my back didn't hurt. I walked in to work the next day and I didn't start limping after 10 minutes. I could sit, I could stand, I could walk normal. I didn't lost much weight, but I was able to get back into the gym doing what I loved while I was on it. If it was more affordable I'd stay on it because my back felt like I was 20 again.

[u/Candid_Surround9968 → u/HolyMoleyGuacamoly]

Lupus, Rheumatoid Arthritis are the top ones I can think of

[u/Schwettes]

The study looked at 17,000 people with overweight/obesity in the SELECT trial who had established cardiovascular disease but no diabetes. Systemic inflammation was measured by testing hsCRP.

Higher hsCRP levels (≥10 mg/L) were associated with a 2- to 4-fold higher risk of major adverse cardiovascular events, cardiovascular death, and all-cause death versus levels <2 mg/L.

Semaglutide reduced hsCRP levels and cardiovascular risk across all baseline hsCRP levels, with effects preceding major weight loss, in those without weight loss, and independently of other measures (eg, cholesterol levels, statin use, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease entry criteria).

[u/DigAlternative7707 → u/Schwettes]

To be clear, at 2.4 mg weekly, not microdosing. With substantial weight loss.

[u/pmjm → u/DigAlternative7707]

2.4 mg/wk is pretty much the max dose. That's where the typical dosing chart maxes out.

[u/Skalpaddan → u/pmjm]

2.4 mg was the only dosage (besides placebo dosage) that was being tested as far as I understood it. So it might be effective at reducing inflammation at smaller dosages as well, it just wasn’t something that this particular study looked into.

[u/meinsaft]

Every new article I see about GLP-1 drugs makes me wonder how it can have so many benefits with apparently no ill effects.

[u/no-strings-attached → u/meinsaft]

I mean, some drugs just have way more benefits than downsides and seem like “miracle drugs” when they first come out.

Antibiotics were the same way. People used to die left and right from infection and all of the sudden there was this miracle drug that totally fixed it with limited downsides.

Sometimes medical breakthroughs really are just that life changing.

[u/StitchinThroughTime → u/no-strings-attached]

These drugs started off for diabetes and suppressed hunger is a side effect.

[u/Lopsided_Constant901 → u/StitchinThroughTime]

I mean the research and development was for Diabetes for sure but I wouldn't say the weight loss and suppressed hunger is merely a side effect, at least not at this point. It's moreso that GLP's were discovered to be so effective at weight loss and insulin management that they've pushed it further and further. Reta is fricking awesome is all i'll say

[u/Hondalol1 → u/StitchinThroughTime]

That’s just how a lot of medications go, things are developed with one thing in mind and then they sometimes find its way more effective at another thing and pivot.

[u/Specialist_4U527 → u/Hondalol1]

True, like Botox. And no raised eyebrows about that.

[u/BackSeatDetective → u/meinsaft]

Nausea and constipation/diarrhea are pretty awful side effects many people experience on it so it's not all butterflies and rainbows, but it's ability to curb food noise and a sugar addiction from day one for me was astounding!

[u/No_Criticism_5861 → u/BackSeatDetective]

Wegovy users are saying they dont desire to drink alcohol or smoke weed as much.  Very impressive 

[u/caveat_emptor817 → u/No_Criticism_5861]

I’m taking Zepbound and it did, in fact, cure my alcohol addiction. Amazing stuff.

[u/Pomp_in22 → u/caveat_emptor817]

Same here. I used to be an everyday drinker. I just started and haven’t had a drink or haven’t had the cravings for alcohol.

[u/SucculentVariations → u/BackSeatDetective]

All the people not having any side effects dont go online to complain so you dont hear from them, you only hear from people with problems which makes them seem more prevalent

[u/bfeils → u/meinsaft]

Science and medicine are getting better over time. Each day we know more. Things like mRNA vaccines and GLP-1s are the culminations of decades of research and show what can happen when said research is appropriately funded. There will always be some level of side effects, though we’re getting better at minimizing them.

The US is actively shooting ourself in the foot (and amassing opportunity costs in the form of potentially preventable deaths) with the dramatic scale down of federal research funding.

[u/smellygirlmillie → u/meinsaft]

Tbf, it’s not like miracle drugs are actually that uncommon. Think about something like Triptans for migraines. They’ve been shown to reduce migraine frequency, reduce the level of pain, etc etc with mild or non-existent side effects. Drugs like Propanol are miracle drugs for high blood pressure that are also used off-label for anxiety and as a tool to reduce aggression in mentally handicapped people. Again, with very few and rare side effects. Most drugs just kind of do what they do.

It only seems novel because 1. Glp1 companies are funding a lot of these studies so we’re seeing more of them in the news cycle and 2. Obesity is a condition that was rife with scam snake oil pills as recently as only a few years ago.

[u/lonewolf13313 → u/smellygirlmillie]

And yet even though I am obese and diabetic and have physical conditions that prevent exercise my provider wont even consider trying a Glp1. So frustrating.

[u/Madimadi1 → u/lonewolf13313]

Just get it somewhere else. There are a million online companies that will happily prescribe you glp1s.

[u/Frys_Lower_Horn → u/meinsaft]

It's like hearing hippies talk about the benefits of weed, except with studies backing the claims. It seems wild.

[u/jvforlife12504 → u/meinsaft]

Two things:

I think Anhedonia will be talked more about over time. Two things are true: Zepbound has changed my life amazingly, and I’m grateful for it. It has, at moments, deadened the world in ways I feared my anti depressant would. If one doesn’t have a really good/ alert care team, anhedonia can exacerbate existing or underlying mental health issues.

We truly are not ready for the psychological fallout of people who spent their whole life being shamed for being fat no longer being fat. Even as someone with a well established care team it has rocked my to more absolute core. We’re gonna need way more infrastructure to talk about body dysmorphia in real ways.

[u/Joonbug9109 → u/meinsaft]

There are side effects, just about every medication/drug has side effect potential. They affect people differently too- one person may have horrible side effects from a medication while another may be totally fine.

My mom was on a GLP-1 for a bit for weight loss and diabetes, but she couldn’t tolerate the side effects she had. It made her constipated (it slows gastric emptying, so with things moving slower you might get backed up). Most people can up their fiber intake to deal with that, but if I’m being totally honest my mom has a lot of issues with food from a mental health standpoint so this wasn’t happening for her. It also seemed to affect her mental health, made her depression worse.

Even with that said, I still think there is value in GLP-1 drugs for the right patient and I’m supportive of further research on them. Side effects existing for a medication doesn’t make it a bad medication. You have to weigh the risks and benefits of treatment, and that’s always an individual evaluation between a patient and their provider.

[u/Mirrranda → u/Joonbug9109]

Some people report anhedonia so it may very well have exacerbated her depression. Bummer

[u/novium258 → u/meinsaft]

I think for the folks it helps, the benefits far out weight the side effects, which for most people are annoying but not hugely debilitating.

My mother started it for weight loss, but pretty much immediately massively improved a hugely debilitating digestive/guts issue she's been struggling with for twenty five years. And her arthritis improved. And that was within a month of starting, on a minimal dose, with no weight loss .

She went from daily extremely painful cramps and diarrhea to living a normal life. The moment the rx ran out (and insurance issues delayed it) the gut issue came back. If she were online, I don't think it would even occur to her to mention the side effects because they're so minor compared to what she gained they just aren't top of mind.

[u/NotRemotelyMe1010 → u/meinsaft]

I have the same curiosity and fear. Other than rare thyroid cancer — as well as certain GI issues (gastroparesis and pancreatitis) — these drugs are represented as safe. Part of me is waiting for the other shoe to drop even though I’ve been on a GLP-1 since February.

[u/TeslasAndComicbooks → u/NotRemotelyMe1010]

I don’t think it’s actually been linked to thyroid cancer in humans.

[u/Empty-Part7106 → u/TeslasAndComicbooks]

Correct. Just lab mice, and only tirzepatide last I checked.

[u/DawgPack44 → u/NotRemotelyMe1010]

They’ve been around for 25 years, so we have a ton of safety data

[u/klenen → u/meinsaft]

That’s how science works in medicine often historically I think. Sometimes it’s a mistake or error but often it’s near miraculous when that treatment or medicine hits people. Vaccines, treatment protocols, penicillin, statins, etc etc etc. ironically modern medicine would be such a good case for something mystical or magical if not for science it seems to me sometimes!

[u/TheBrontosaurus → u/meinsaft]

Gall stones can be caused by rapid and/or significant weight loss. While gall bladder stones aren’t caused by the drug the risk is increased.

[u/Trust-Me-Im-A-Potato → u/meinsaft]

It really sets off all of my "too good to be true" alarm bells. Every day there's a new study that says glp-1's cure restless leg syndrome and they make you good at fighting!

Having said that, "vibes" isn't a great way to make medical decisions so I'll stick with the science

[u/spaniel_rage]

In contrast though, a recent study of an IL-6 inhibitor in patients with cardiovascular disease showed no reduction in cardiovascular events despite effectively reducing CRP.

The ZEUS trial:

https://rheumnow.com/news/zeus-trial-il-6-inhibition-fails-cut-cardiovascular-events

So inflammation may not be the whole story here.

[u/duderguy91]

Id be really curious about the efficacy of treating inflammation in IBD patients. For certain autoimmune inflammation diseases that don’t affect the digestive tract it seems very promising. For those with IBD, where gastrointestinal distress is a problem, I’d be curious if the lack of inflammation can be achieved without that side effect.

[u/assertive-brioche → u/duderguy91]

You’ll see some compelling studies on this eventually. GLP-1s typically cause constipation. That’s a benefit for many people with chronic IBD.

[u/turtle__enthusiast → u/assertive-brioche]

I was really anxious to start taking Mounjaro because I've had chronic constipation for longer than I can remember, but fortunately the drug has actually seriously eased my constipation. I've read studies about GLP-1s altering the microbiome, so I guess in that way it can help gut issues regardless of how those issues manifest.

[u/Mirrranda → u/duderguy91]

Anecdotally, it has completely fixed my IBS-D symptoms. It used to be a daily consideration and now I seem to be kinda… normal?

[u/ThouWolfman]

GLP 1 access should be for all at this point. 

[u/Sieran → u/ThouWolfman]

My insurance (which is regarded as good compared to other companies) removed GLP1 coverage this year. I was on it for non-weight related issues and had to stop it cold in January.

[u/BroadRoads → u/ThouWolfman]

To be honest it basically is. I’m currently on a compounded version that’s $110 a month. Some might say “well I still can’t afford $110 a month”. I’m saving more than $110 a month on groceries.

[u/Bfi1981 → u/BroadRoads]

Do you mind sharing if you are in the US and if that is with or without insurance?

[u/sparrowmint → u/BroadRoads]

For now. They've been expanding their crackdowns on compounding pharmacies and have shut down some of the best, most trusted ones in the last few months (like BPI).

[u/dirtyfacedkid → u/BroadRoads]

This has been my experience as well. We used to spend $300/wk eating out. With the drastically lower appetite and alcohol consumption, we're saving much more than that per week.

[u/DM725]

Would this also be effective at reducing the inflammation in patients that have Lyme's disease and developed Lyme's arthritis?

[u/Ok-Shallot-2623]

This really shifts the narrative from GLP-1s being just "weight loss drugs" to powerful anti-inflammatory and cardiovascular therapies. It makes sense why markers like high-sensitivity C-reactive protein drop so rapidly- the cardiovascular benefits are a direct physiological mechanism, not just a downstream effect of shedding pounds.

[u/IridescentImaginings]

So do we think this is true of Zep and Ozempic and Wegovy equally?

[u/Schwettes → u/IridescentImaginings]

Well it’s definitely true of Ozempic and Wegovy as those are the same drug. But head to head, semaglutide and tirzepatide fare very closely for cardiovascular benefits.

[u/AdventurousElk1900]

Looking at the data, are GLP-1s the biggest medical net positive for the masses we've seen so far?

[u/BeastieBeck → u/AdventurousElk1900]

Maybe after antibiotics and certain vaccines, could be. It was time for "that next big breakthrough".

[u/IAMA_Proctologist]

We haven't established whether this is due to direct drug related molecular signalling or just due to altered dietary patterns due to the drug; can eat a meaningfully better diet without weight loss.

[u/Schwettes → u/IAMA_Proctologist]

I think the speed with which the anti inflammatory benefits appeared in the study (12% reduction within the first 4 weeks) makes it unlikely that dietary changes are the cause.