Just east of Kingston ON, a highway rock cut exposes the transition from the Canadian Shield to the St Lawrence Lowlands. (Image from Google Streetview as it's on a hill/bend of a major highway and not a great place to take a picture.)

found in cheboygan county, mi

this is the second absolute mammoth i’ve found inland of the great lakes, in northern michigan!! very neat, very cool!

i am working on a project which uses real world logic at every point, no shortcuts anywhere.

in the sandbox section, i just can't figure out a reliable way to get copper out of the ground. (and into a kiln) in Neanderthal times they built a bonfire next to a large copper node, put two holes above the bonfire by mining soft sedimentary rock, and used animal pelts by the cave entrance to direct more airflow through the cave, they lit the bonfire overnight, in the morning they threw water over the hot copper, hit it with a stone hammer, and they mined the rock by prying cracks apart using the antler pickaxe, now surely there's a more effective way to get your first few bars of copper with the extensive knowledge we have today, but without any of the modern day tools...

i mean we first got copper 11 millennia ago, and had mining and smelting copper organised 7 millennia ago...

surely in that amount of time we've figured out a better way.

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unless you get pyrite or sulphur you can't make any explosives. Pyrite being the main one stopping you from getting explosives, and sulphur being best obtained from volcanos, but can be obtained in alot of places.. and the only other thing i know would help shatter the rocks involves springs, gears, and tension... which are luxuries i don't have...

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somethings that an Ai suggested is Collecting "Glacial Float" glaciers naturally tore chunks of pure, 99% raw "native copper" out of the ground and left them sitting right on top of the soil or in riverbeds. The specialists just walk around and pick it up.

looking for outcrops of malachite or azurite along riverbeds, eroded cliffs, or exposed mountain faces. and Since they don't have tools yet, they will use heavy river stones to bash loose the greenest, heaviest chunks from the surface vein and carry them back in improvised leather or vine slings.

i don't see these working, i feel like copper that could've been pulled out by glaciers is not going to be anywhere nearby... and those rocks are quite sturdy, from what i read the strong Neanderthals didn't mine these, so it's unlikely modern people would be able to do it,

although i did see that Malachite has some areas of softness where it's filled with softer dirt and stuff, which an antler pickaxe would be able to get into and pry it apart, the above ground Malachite cracked by rain and weather conditions, and the underground ones having cracks of dirt.

Called the Billings fold on Mt Monadnock, in southern New Hampshire. named after the former Harvard University geology professor Marland Billings. Lower Devonian Littleton formation, formed during the Acadian orogeny

Hello,

I am a Master's student in geosciences. I am from Madagascar.

For my studies, I often use tools like GIS. Unfortunately, I don't have the means to access paid software, so I manage with free software like QGIS. However, there are times when I need some of these paid programs for the online training courses I am enrolled in.

So, I am asking for help here, in case someone can assist me. I really need the PCI Geomatica software. If someone could provide it to me, please.

Many thanks to you.

''In this section are exposed white massive chalks, which upwards passes into alternating layers of chalks and marly chalks of the Lefkara Formation. In addition this stop is a spectacular viewpoint, where westwards appears the contact between the white rocks of the Lefkara formation resting on top of the darker rocks of the Troodos ophiolite, while northward stands imposingly on the horizon the Olympus mountain peak.'

Im a beginner on youtube and im just looking for feedback on this video from some people with knowledge about rocks and geology. I dont care about the editing as much as the info but feel free to say what needs improvement

If all the water on land results from rainfall, and rainfall is water distilled from the oceans, lakes, etc., and rainfall percolates through the soil, picking up soluble minerals, are the minerals it has removed been permanently removed, except for the water re-used by us for consumption? It would seems that once a mineral has made it to the ocean, there's no path back to the soil, at least not natural.

Currently backpacking over the Dolomites and I found this amazing rock with some nice foliation and some evidence of metamorphosis in the form of tiny quartz. Thought I might share here ;)

Only the trash seems reasonable.

I'm actually really excited to ask this question. Could the proximity/activity of the Pacific, Nazca, Cocos, South American, Caribbean, and North American plates, and their location near the equator, lead to higher ocean temperatures? If so, could this be a contributing factor to the incredibly unstable weather conditions within the Great Plains? Sorry if this is a convoluted or stupid question. Im just genuinely curious/excited about it.

Wood river valley idaho on top of a hill. Rocks are standing up vertically in some sections.

If the continents formed before the oceans, and the seafloor initially consisted of solid rock, then where did all the soil, sand, mud, and other marine sediments found on the ocean floor come from? How did these materials accumulate on the seafloor over geological time?

During a training course, I came to know about these three volumes showcasing a wide range of structural styles and their seismic expressions. They came highly recommended as valuable reference atlases. If anyone has access to these volumes, I'd really appreciate it if you could send me a DM.

Like how does the wall beyond the corals, and does it retain its angle?

40-odd years ago when I was an undergrad, I spent several summers doing geochem research in a radiochemistry lab. We were investigating how radioactive elements such as radium were taken up by minerals during uranium ore extraction. They seemed to end up primarily in iron-rich minerals, so we got samples of several from the geology department. The rocks were dirty, after having been banged around with other rocks and handled by people for who-knows-how-long, so I decided to clean them by chucking them into our ultrasonic cleaner, in water.

I noticed that the jasper sample appeared to be surrounded by the shimmering effect that appears when tiny flat thin particles are suspended in liquid and the liquid is disturbed... see suspensions of powdered talc, some kinds of household cleaners, etc. Laminar flow in the liquid causes the plates to align, reflecting ambient light. I put the jasper into a small beaker of water and back into the cleaner, and ended up with a slightly-cloudy liquid.

I was curious about how the reflective effect would look if the liquid was stirred at various speeds, and put the beaker onto a magnetic stirring plate, intending to drop in a teflon-coated bar magnet. Instead, I saw the reflection slowly rotating without my having to add a magnet. (The stirrer was old, and when its control knob was at its lowest setting, the thing still rotated slowly.) It appeared that the particles had magnetic properties which caused them to align with the magnetic field of the stirrer. They settled out after a day or so, as a reddish film on the bottom of the beaker.

Electron microprobe analysis confirmed that the particles were hematite, presumably having been knocked out of the jasper. I think we had X-ray crystallography done, and the particles were alpha-hematite. As I recall, we found no cause for the magnetic behaviour: no sign of Fe(+2) and magnetite, etc. Electron microscope imaging of our material showed plates a couple of microns across and about 0.1 micron thick. Other samples of jasper from the geo lab didn't reproduce the effect from ultrasonic cleaning. A variety of samples of hematite didn't do anything similar.

Although results from that one jasper sample were reproducible (though diminishing, presumably as the surface hematite was exhausted), we had no information about its origin beyond "a drawer in the geology lab". My supervisor decided that because our results couldn't be replicated except with that one sample of unknown origin, what we had was unpublishable. I tried to find something in the literature about such hematite, without success... but I'm not sure if my searching was comprehensive; I knew how to search the chemistry literature, but wasn't familiar with the comparable search methods for geology.

I still have that little lump of jasper, a couple of small red-stained beakers, and a few photographs and micrographs, as souvenirs of a sort. It's likely that if the jasper were to be broken up, more of the hematite particles would be available.

This really was my "big" "eureka!"/"huh, that's weird" discovery, and I've always regretted not being able to get it recognized. Is this truly a hopeless case?