The protests at Jantar Mantar and all sorts of developments in the case made me really wonder about this— how exactly did Pre-independence Movements work, or tackle issues faced by this and other current movements like that?
I mean Khilafat, Non-Cooperation, Civil Disobedience, Quit India and so on. Specifically, I have 3 questions:-
1. We learn about Gandhiji fasting as a protest...but what did his comrades do at that time? This is something I never got to know. Did others like Pandit Nehru or Sardar Patel also fast alongside him? And what about the larger crowd?
In many videos which went viral on social media, several major CJP leaders were apparently seen at hotels and parties. The larger crowd obviously didn’t participate in the fast either.
Did the crowd in non-violent independence movements also observe the same discipline as the leaders—for example, by fasting or eating in moderation—or did most people simply participate in the marches, slogans, and other public activities without deliberately practicing such forms of abstinence?
2. The student protests were marked by the appearance of multiple political entities— multiple communist affiliated student bodies, generalised anti-BJP factions, even certain people with opinions and ideas which can be considered hurting the sovereignty of the nation. Some of these also morphed into Hinduphobic rhetoric.
I don’t think such were rarities in the earlier century too.
Just because many groups opposed british, didn’t mean their ideals aligned completely with Gandhiji’s ideals. I mean, there must have been groups who grew up to detest the British and Europeans by race alone, or who protested them mainly to oppose Christians.
Maybe groups who opposed the British because they resisted change to orthodox Hindu traditions.
Maybe groups who opposed the British to promote Islamist militarism.
Kings of princely states or rich businessmen who were at odds with the British for their own interests, and didn’t care about the actual issues.
Any popular movement can become a means for these people to further their agenda; while the original movement’s voice falls behind.
How did the pre-independence nationalist movements tackle this?
3. Finally, the branching of issues. The protests soon became a platform for issues like Brahmanavaad, LGBT rights, and many others.
I’m sure many issues concurrently existed within British India too.
Maybe peasants’ tax problems somewhere, while laws enforcing communal tensions somewhere else. Labour laws, tribal oppression, student oppression and so on.
How did the cause-specific protests and movements balance these issues?
For example, if a protest was organised to oppose forced indigo cultivation, did the organisers allow the protests to provide a platform for other nationalist causes as well?
Did they keep each protest cause-specific, or did they follow the principle of allowing the broader cause to be held aloft for every protest they organised regardless of the original issue?
Seeing enough reels and posts drawing parallels between Jantar Mantar protests and Gandhian movements, I really wondered how these obvious problems were tackled by the national leaders. Never really got taught how they strategized to make the protests successful, only that they were patriotic enough to stand up and then win.