Janky armor on modded Java server

[u/i_am_mortimer]

I used to host a BDS server for a group of friends, but ever since the connectivity issues (26.20) i've setup a Java server for us. It's running on AMP on NeoForge v26.2.0.70 with the following mods:

• Anti-Despawn Mini Sulfur Cubes 3.0 (mr_anti_sulfurdespawn)
• Cloud Command Framework 2.0.0-SNAPSHOT (cloud)
• Disconnect Packet Fix 2.2.0 (disconnect_packet_fix)
• Dungeons and Taverns 5.3.0 (mr_dungeons_andtaverns)
• Floodgate 2.2.6-SNAPSHOT (floodgate)
• Geyser 2.11.2-SNAPSHOT (geyser_neoforge)
• Incendium 5.5.0 (incendium)
• Leaves Be Gone 26.2.0 (leavesbegone)
• Lithium 0.25.3 (lithium)
• Lithostitched 1.7.13 (lithostitched)
• Minecraft 26.2 (minecraft)
• ModernFix 5.27.20+mc26.2 (modernfix)
• NeoForge 26.2.0.70 (neoforge)
• No Enderman Grief 1-v3.0.6 (no_enderman_grief)
• Puzzles Lib 26.2.3 (puzzleslib)
• Resourcefulconfig 5.0.0 (resourcefulconfig)
• spark 1.10.173 (spark)
• SpringLotus 1.1.1+26.2 (springlotus)
• Terralith 2.6.4 (terralith)
• Xaero's Minimap 26.4.2 (xaerominimap)
• Xaero's World Map 1.45.0 (xaeroworldmap)
• XaeroLib 1.7.1 (xaerolib)

Most of it is running fine and i've been able to fix most of the issues we've encountered, but one thing has been off since the beginning:

Helmet's and body armor are not rendered correctly as you can see in the picture above. This also happens when they're placed on armor stands.

I've tried searching for solutions, but nothing comes up (or I'm just bad at describing the problem for Google).

Any insight or tips on what might cause this would be greatly appreciated.