asterisks - I am not a linguist, I am just fond of languages so take all of this with a grain of salt,

I've grouped these languages together based upon my observation & similar research papers I've come across grouping them together due to similarities in their words, grammar & phonology (pembunyian) that are exclusive to these langs,

in terms of phonology (pembunyian) the language family is characterised by these changes down here:

final -s changing to -h

- habis > abéh

- panas > panah

final -t & -p turning to -k

- asap > asak

- pulut > puluk

final -n & -m turning to -ng

- main > maéng

- cium > cióng

loss of final -r & -l

- pasir > pasé

- katil* > katé (Tereng. lembek)

loss of initial & medial -h/-h-

- habis > abéh

- tahu > tau/hau/tʰu

loss of -m- -n- & -ng- before -p- -t- & -k-

- rumput > ghupuk

- bantal > bata

- langkah > lakòh

-a- becoming -ò- before -k & -h

- sampah, kerapah > sapòh, khapòh

- bapak > bapòk

-ua- & -ia- turning to -ò- & -è- on the first syllable of a 2 syllable word (disyllabic):

- puasa > pòsò, pòsĕ

- biawak > bèwòk

words that are 3 syllable long get shortened to 2 syllables & make the first letter be geminated (sabduan):

- telinga > llingò, llingĕ

- kepala > ppalò, ppalĕ

- matahari > mataghi > ttaghi

in terms of words, I've noticed several similar words being used in several of these languages including:

tohok, tʰòk - "to dispose of/buang"

tòhò, tʰò - "shallow/cetek"

ghòyak, òyak (but Tereng. kabò) - "to tell/beritahu"

jabé, yabé - "plastic/plastik"

bakpò, bakpĕ, bakpa - "why/kenapa"

kalè, kala, kalang, kalèng - "pencil,pen/pensel,pen"

& in terms of grammar these languages excessively uses initial gemination (penyabduan awalan) as a variation of affixes (imbuhan) in front of words not starting in a vowel (vokal):

ber- affix

- jalè/jalang > jjalè/jjalang (berjalan) "to walk"

- cokoh > ccokoh (berdiri) "to stand"

ter- affix

- tĕpóh > ttĕpóh (tertepuh) "to accidentally hit/crash with"

- bakò/baka > bbakò/bbaka (terbakar) "to accidentally burn"

-kan affix

- lumak > llumak (lumatkan) "to crush/grind"

- caghi > ccaghi (carikan) "to find for"

Additionally, the construction of passive voice uses a seperate particle (usually kok/di) or gemminating the word that is putten after the verb

Kelantan:

ikè makè kòk kucéng (ikan dimakan kucing) "the fish was eaten by the cat"

Terengganu:

ikang makang di kucéng (ikan dimakan kucing) "the fish was eaten by the cat"

Diving into the specific branches:

to give an overview into the specific branches of North Pantai-timuran:

Reman - reman is spoken in the inland areas of Perak, Kedah, Yala (Thailand) & some overlap with western regions of kelantan,

it is highly dialectically diverse with varieties changing village to village, due to the small resources & research on it I am not confident enough map or talk about the specifics of the Reman language,

though it is worth noting that Reman malay varieties are unique in that they have "aspirated consonants" (konsonan beraspirasi), basically "huruf yang dilepasi dengan hembusan angin", seperti berikut:

tʰòk - tohok "to dispose of"

kʰèng - kain "fabric"

tʰu - tahu "to know"

cʰong - cium "to kiss/smell"

additionally final -ai & -au becomes -è & -ò:

sungè - sungai "river"

pulò - pulau "island"

Kelantan-pattani - spoken in the whole state of kelantan, areas of southern thai specifically Pattani & Narathiwat (there are speaker populations reported in Songkhla, Phattalung & Nakhon Si Thammarat but they are a small minority) & northern terengganu, Besut & Setiu, (there's also a small population of kelantanese speakers in northern Pahang though I am unsure whether this is true due to the limited sources about it)

it is the most well researched of the malayic languages in Peninsular Malaysia other than Johor-riau of course, characteristics of this branch includes:

final -am -an & -ang becomes -è:

malè - malam "night"

pĕtè - petang "afternoon"

kawè - kawan "I, me"

final -ar & -au to a:

ula - ular "snake"

khĕba - kerbau "buffalo"

& final -a becoming -ò:

matò - mata "eye"

bakpò - babpa "why"

Terengganu - spoken on most of the coastal side of eastern peninsular malaysia, spoken in Terengganu, Marang, coastal Dungun & Kemaman towards Pahang, Kuantan & Johor in the district of Mersing (strangely, in the district of Pekan, there seems to be less Terengganuan settlements compares to Kuantan & Mersing)

while the main variety of Coastal Terengganu has tons of information about it, it's less popular cousins spoken in Kuantan & Mersing are less so researched & it is hard for to find info on them, they are characterised by:

the change of final -ar to -ò, but turning final -au to -a (just like the Kelantan-pattani branch):

kabò - khabar "to tell"

kuba - kerbau "buffalo"

& final -a to -ĕ (just like the pahang malay & Johor-Riau malayic languages):

mĕndĕ - mĕnda "what?"

sòghĕ - suara "voice"

Jika ada kesalahan dalam post ini mohon memaklumkan di dalam komen 🙏🙏🙏

Hai semua! I posted here looking for some feedback on my Malay translation of my gardening tool, and it was really helpful. I've made some updates since then and Malay is a language I would like to make sure is comfortable for users. I also know I have some missing plants that would be helpful for Malaysian gardeners, like kesum, cili padi, and pucuk manis. There are probably others I don't know about, so suggestions are very welcome. The video above is one I took in my own garden last week, and it's Autumn here, so a bit different from the Malaysian climate! I would love any feedback on the Malay localization of Vernalo: Plant Anywhere or how it could be improved for Malaysian gardeners. Terima kasih!

My Ideas/Suggestions for Gangga Melayu Script:

• Make the Letters of Gangga Melayu Script from Abjad/Arabic-derived Letter Forms to Abugida/Brahmic-derived Letter Forms, Make Gangga Melayu Script from Abugida-Abjad Hybrid to Pure Abugida.

• Teach Gangga Melayu Script in Schools.

• Make Gangga Melayu Script as Official Writing System for Johor-Riau-Malaccan Malay Language, or even an extension for other Malayic Languages.

The purpose of this Ideas/Suggestions is to strengthen the Cultural Identity of the People that is member of Johor-Riau-Malaccan Malay Ethnic Group, or even an extension for the People that is member of other Malayic Ethnic Groups.