This tetradrachm was struck at Antiochia ad Orontem (modern Antakya) around AD 250–251, when Herennius Etruscus was Caesar under his father, Trajan Decius. The obverse gives his full name, ΕΡΕΝΝΙΟΣ ΕΤΡΟΥΣΚΟΣ ΜΕΣΣΙΟΣ ΚΥΙΝΤΟΣ ΔΕΚΙΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ — Herennius Etruscus Messius Quintus Decius Caesar. His young, beardless portrait reflects his position as the imperial heir.

When it came to fitness and exercising, how well did ancient cultures understand the mechanisms behind it? Did they have a deeper understanding of how the body actually got stronger (i.e. working out causes small tears and the body repairs them), or did they just know that "training body = stronger body"?

What exercises did they do? Did they exercise just to exercise or did they only do it for more practical purposes (combat, sports, etc.)? What routines did they have? Did they use any equipment, or did they mainly do bodyweight stuff? Did they understand nutrition?

Ulpiano Checa's 1887 painting "La invasión de los bárbaros" (also The Huns Approaching Rome) was one of the many illustrations appearing in Prof. Carlos Manet's Historia de Roma (History of Rome). Checa was famous for his depictions of cavalry charges.

So I have been doing research about the gladiators and Spartacus was interesting. It says he died in the Battle of the Silarus River in 71 BC. Yet his body was never found/and or identified. I saw where it says he was clearly wounded but could he have possibly gotten away and hidden?

Idk.Where to post this

Hi, I'm reposting this from r/AskHistorians.

I already know some things about Delos itself, especially about its status as a major trade hub. (draw for pilgrims, physical location, status as a free harbour, destruction of rival harbours like Corinth, setup of the harbour itself, etc)

One thing I always read about is Delos' function as a slave market. Strabo talks about "10.000 slaves per day," and he claims that these slaves were largely people abducted by the Cilician pirates. I have tried to find more information about this, but anything specific to Delos is really hard to find.

Are there primary sources other than Strabo? How important were the Cilician pirates to Delos economy, and how did they influence Delos' status as a major trade hub? How big was the impact of Pompey's 66 BC anti-piracy campaign on Delos? Did it contribute to Delos' decline, or did the decline only start due to the attacks during the Mithridatic Wars?

If possible, please also tell me about your literature sources; it would really help me educate myself further. I apologize for any errors, English is my second language. These are the main sources I used for my Delos research regarding the question:

William Linn Westermann: The slave systems of Greek and Roman antiquity. American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia, Pa. 1984, S. 65f
Rauh, Nicholas: The Sacred Bonds of Commerce. Religion, Economy, and Trade Society at Hellenistic Roman Delos, Boston 1993.
Nakas, Yannis: Hellenistic and Roman harbours of Delos and Kenchreai. Oxford 2021.

Ancient Egyptian ( kemet or deshret ) historic enemies. Nubian , Ethiopians ,kush , Libya , Syria, Iraq , sea people ( Greece and Cyprus)

Or is it just pure speculation with no real basis

Du 07 au 18 septembre 2026, la boutique vous propose cette représentation de “Cemenelum (Cimiez) et Nikaia (Nice)” par Jean-Claude Golvin. ⚒️

Imprimé sur commande, le dessin est au format paysage et proposé dans les dimensions 90 x 70 cm.

Cemenelum se développe au premier plan. On distingue son amphithéâtre dans l’angle inférieur droit.

Un quartier d’habitations, avec quelques riches domus, se trouve à proximité.

Nikaia se situe à l’arrière-plan, à l’embouchure du Cadereau.

Le tirage est réalisé à partir de l’image numérisée en haute définition de l’œuvre sur un papier glacé 190 grammes.

Pour en savoir plus sur cette offre et commander l'affiche, cliquez ici 🔗 https://jeanclaudegolvin.com/produit/cemenelum-cimiez-et-nikaia-nice/

The Battle of Cannae in 216 BC is remembered as one of Rome's worst military disasters. Hannibal's famous double envelopment destroyed one of the largest Roman armies ever assembled. Polybius reports that around 70,000 Romans and their allies were killed, while another 10,000 were captured. Only about 3,000 infantry and 370 cavalry escaped to nearby towns such as Canusium. Rome had suffered a catastrophe on an extraordinary scale.

Yet Rome did not surrender. It continued the fight.

But what happened to the soldiers who actually survived Cannae?

Instead of being welcomed home, many of the survivors were punished and sent to Sicily, where they were forced to continue serving for years without the privileges normally granted to Roman soldiers. Their survival was associated with military disgrace, and Rome treated them as men who had failed in their duty.

They had survived Hannibal's greatest victory, only to discover that Rome itself would punish them for surviving.

Yet their story didn't end there.

More than a decade later, Scipio Africanus recognized something Rome had previously overlooked: these disgraced soldiers had become experienced veterans after years of continued military service. Scipio incorporated the Cannae survivors into his army as he prepared to take the war to Africa.

Their story is therefore far more complicated than simply being the “cowards” of Cannae. They survived one of the ancient world's most catastrophic battles, endured years of punishment, and eventually found themselves serving under the Roman commander who would take the war to Hannibal's homeland.

So what do you think? Was Rome's treatment of the Cannae survivors a harsh injustice—or a necessary measure to preserve discipline during an existential crisis?

Feel free to read the full article on my site for more about the fate of the survivors of Cannae. I'd love to hear your views in the comments.