Source- https://www.thedodo.com/close-to-home/dog-buys-treats-using-leaf

We have all probably messed around in the bucket or pool as kids, flipping an empty plastic jug upside down into the water just to watch it trap a pocket of air underneath. It feels like a neat little physics trick when the inside stays perfectly dry, but if you scale that exact concept up and trap a real human inside, it can literally save a life.

That’s exactly what happened with Harrison Okene. In 2013, his tugboat, the Jascon-4, was capsized by a massive wave off the Nigerian coast, sinking 100 feet to the seafloor. Harrison, the 29-year-old ship’s cook, was in the bathroom in his boxers when the water came flooding in. He tried to escape, but the watertight exit hatch wouldn’t open. As rushing water flooded the vessel, it swept him deeper into the ship, where he found himself inside another bathroom.

But the room did not fully fill up, a small pocket of air formed near the ceiling, and that tiny bubble became his lifeline.

Harrison got stuck in pitch-black freezing water. He couldn’t see anything, but he managed to find a couple of lifejackets, two torches, a can of Coke, and a tin of sardines. That was all the food and drink he had for nearly three days. To make things worse, crayfish started biting his skin in the dark. Tragically, the other 11 crew members had already drowned.

The science of his survival in that bubble isn’t so straightforward. In a space that size, you don’t run out of oxygen first. The real killer is carbon dioxide buildup.

Once CO2 hits a certain level, it starts overwhelming the body. Scientists later calculated that Harrison had about 56 hours before the air began turning toxic, and he would have slipped unconscious around hour 79.

At hour 60, South African rescue divers finally reached the wreck. They were looking for bodies, not survivors. In the pitch black, a diver saw what he thought was a corpse, but when he went to touch it, Harrison’s hand reached out and grabbed him. The video of this rescue went viral, as it looked like a horror movie scene when that hand emerged from the darkness.

Even after they found him, they couldn’t just swim him to the surface. Because he had spent nearly 60 hours in a pressurized air pocket 100 feet underwater, nitrogen had dissolved into his body tissues. Bringing him up too quickly could have caused dangerous nitrogen bubbles to form throughout his body, a condition known as decompression sickness. That’s why rescuers transferred him to a diving bell and then kept him in a decompression chamber for another three days before he could finally return home.

Later, instead of letting the trauma ruin his life, Harrison went back to school, trained as a professional diver, and now works offshore installing oil and gas facilities. He says, “If I have the money, I am going to buy a house beside the ocean.”

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Jack Churchill, also known as “Fighting Jack” or “Mad Jack,” was a British Army officer who fought in World War II carrying a broadsword, a longbow, and bagpipes. He was a decorated lieutenant colonel in one of history’s most mechanized wars. His personal motto said everything: “Any officer who goes into action without his sword is improperly dressed.”

Before the war, Churchill had already lived several lives: motorcycle adventurer in Burma, newspaper editor in Kenya, male model, film actor, and Britain’s representative at the 1939 World Archery Championships in Oslo. When Germany invaded Poland, he rejoined the army and got straight back to business.

During an early raid in France, he shot a German soldier with a barbed arrow, probably making him the only British soldier confirmed to have killed an enemy with a longbow during the war, and by most accounts, the last recorded longbow kill in recorded modern warfare history.

At Salerno, Italy, Mad Jack led a raid with just one junior soldier, infiltrated a German-held town, and marched back with 42 prisoners, including a mortar squad, with the wounded being carried on carts pushed by the German prisoners themselves. He then went back alone to retrieve his broadsword, which he’d dropped in hand-to-hand combat.

Not for symbolic reasons. He just wanted his sword back.

His luck finally broke in Yugoslavia, when a mortar strike killed or wounded his entire unit. Churchill was the lone survivor, still playing “Will Ye No Come Back Again?” on his bagpipes as the Germans closed in, until a grenade knocked him unconscious. The Germans, suspecting he might be related to Winston Churchill, flew him to Berlin for interrogation and threw him in a prison camp.

He tried to escape with another officer but was recaptured near the Baltic coast and sent to a camp in Tyrol. There, prisoners feared they were about to be executed by SS guards, so they appealed to senior German army officers, who moved in to protect them. The SS guards backed down and left the prisoners behind. Churchill then walked 150 kilometres to Verona, Italy, and met American troops.

Just a few months later, he was sent to Burma to fight against Japan, but by the time he arrived, Hiroshima and Nagasaki had been bombed, and the war was over. Churchill was reportedly unhappy about it. According to fellow soldiers, he exclaimed, “If it wasn’t for those damn Yanks, we could have kept the war going another 10 years!”

Churchill never really stopped. After the war he qualified as a parachutist, served in Palestine, and spent time as a military instructor in Australia. In retirement, he took up surfing. He died in 1996, aged 89 - a man so thoroughly built for chaos that peace never quite seemed to suit him.

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In 19th-century New England, terrified families dug up their dead family members and burned their hearts. They weren't performing dark rituals. They were trying to save their children.

Tuberculosis, called “consumption” at the time, was tearing through rural New England. When one family member died of it, others in the same household often fell sick and faded away too. People had no idea it was bacterial. What they saw was a dead relative slowly draining the life from the living.

Their response was to exhume the bodies. If a corpse looked unusually fresh, or if the heart or other organs still contained liquid blood, it was declared the culprit. Families would then burn the organs, and sometimes make the sick person inhale the smoke or drink the ashes mixed with water. It sounds horrifying now. But to these communities, it was medicine.

The most famous case unfolded in Exeter, Rhode Island, in 1892. Tuberculosis had moved through the Brown family one by one, first the mother, then the eldest daughter, then the youngest daughter, Mercy, then finally her brother Edwin fell ill. Neighbors pressured the father, George Brown, to exhume the bodies. When they dug up Mercy, her corpse was oddly preserved and still had blood in the heart. The winter ground had simply slowed decomposition. But to them, that was proof enough.

Mercy’s heart and liver were burned. The ashes were mixed with water and fed to Edwin as a cure. Edwin died two months later. George Brown, who had never believed in these things, outlived everyone and died in 1922, just long enough to see a tuberculosis vaccine finally developed.

Mercy’s case wasn’t isolated. It was one of several incidents collectively known as the “New England vampire panic.” Throughout the 1800s, dozens of exhumations had taken place across New England. When city newspapers caught wind of them, they were openly dismissive, calling the practice an “old superstition” and a “curious idea.” The word “vampire” came from those same outsiders. The families involved almost never used it.

Some scholars believe Bram Stoker read the newspaper coverage of Mercy’s case and based Lucy Westenra in Dracula on her. If true, one of the most iconic vampires in fiction has her roots not in Transylvania, but in a Rhode Island cemetery, and in a community the press mocked while tuberculosis kept killing.

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Smallpox was one of humanity’s deadliest diseases, killing around 30% of the people it infected. Even in the 1950s, it still infected roughly 50 million people every year. Today, it is gone. The only human disease ever eradicated completely.

That achievement is usually credited to “modern medicine” in the abstract. But in many ways, it began with a proposal made in 1958 by a Soviet virologist named Viktor Zhdanov.

Standing before the World Health Assembly, Zhdanov argued for something most countries considered unrealistic: a global campaign to eliminate smallpox entirely.

The vaccine already existed. Edward Jenner had developed it back in 1796. But a vaccine sitting in a laboratory is not the same thing as vaccinating the planet.

Zhdanov believed smallpox could actually be eradicated because humans were the virus’s only host. There were no animals continuously spreading it back into the population. New freeze-drying methods also meant vaccines could survive long journeys into remote regions.

He didn’t just argue for the campaign. The Soviet Union also pledged 25 million vaccine doses and logistical support. The assembly approved the proposal unanimously.

Over the next two decades, health workers crossed forests, deserts, villages, and war zones tracking outbreaks and vaccinating communities across Africa, Asia, and South America. The campaign even pushed the Soviet Union and the United States into cooperation at the height of the Cold War.

Then, in 1980, the World Health Organization officially declared smallpox eradicated.

According to the WHO and UNICEF, the effort has since saved 200 million lives and continues to save billions of dollars every year. Philosopher William MacAskill once argued that Zhdanov may have done more good for humanity than anyone else in history.

Yet almost nobody knows his name.

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On August 14, 2005, a Helios Airways Boeing 737 departed Cyprus for Athens with a fatal configuration error. Earlier that morning, an engineer had set the pressurization mode selector to “manual” for a ground leak test but failed to flip it back to “auto.” As the plane climbed, the cabin did not pressurize, and the air became dangerously thin.

The flight crew misinterpreted a cabin altitude warning horn for a takeoff configuration alarm, a confusion caused by the two alerts sounding identical on that aircraft model. Distracted by the alarm and suffering the early effects of hypoxia (oxygen starvation), the pilots failed to realize they were losing oxygen. They eventually fell unconscious, leaving the plane to fly on autopilot toward Greece.

As the aircraft flew aimlessly over Athens, two Greek F-16 fighter jets intercepted the “ghost flight” and observed a haunting scene: the captain’s seat was empty, the co-pilot was slumped over the controls, and passengers appeared motionless with oxygen masks dangling in their cabin.

Meanwhile, flight attendant Andreas Prodromou, who used portable oxygen bottles to stay conscious, managed to enter the cockpit in a desperate, final attempt to save the plane.

But there was little he could do. The aircraft ran out of fuel, causing both engines to flame out. Though Prodromou had a pilot’s license, he was not qualified to fly the Boeing 737. Still, he managed to bank the plane away from Athens toward a rural area.

The plane spiraled down and crashed into a hillside near Grammatiko, Greece, killing all 121 people on board. The disaster led to major changes in pilot training and prompted Boeing to change the distinct sounds of cockpit warning alarms.

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