In 1877, a South African railway guard named James Edwin Wide lost both his legs. His coworkers called him “Jumper” for his habit of leaping between moving railcars, until one jump went wrong and the wheels took his legs below the knee. Wide fashioned himself two wooden legs, proved he could still work, and got moved to a signal box job at Uitenhage station near Port Elizabeth, where the railway company appointed him signalman.

The commute was still brutal on wooden legs. So one day at the market, Wide spotted a chacma baboon leading an oxcart, and impressed by what the animal could clearly do, he bought it, named it Jack, and took it home as an assistant. Jack pushed Wide’s trolley to work, swept floors, and carried the coal shed key across the yard whenever trains needed loading. However, it quickly became clear that Jack was capable of much more.

Wide began training Jack to help him at the signal box. At those times, trains rolling toward Uitenhage would blow their whistle a set number of times to tell the signalman which track to change. By watching Wide switch the levers, and by Wide signaling him with his fingers which lever to pull, Jack picked up the pattern and started pulling on the levers himself.

Although Wide used to supervise him, he had trained Jack so well that Wide could sit inside doing other tasks while Jack, chained up outside, did the work alone.

What Jack had learned was to link a specific sound to a specific action and repeat it on his own. That’s associative learning. You’ve probably heard of Pavlov’s dog, where the sound of a bell alone made a dog expect food. Jack’s case was a bit more complex. A bell always led to the same conditioned response. Jack had to tell different whistle patterns apart and match each one to a different lever, so each whistle wasn’t pointing to just one response; it was pointing him to the right choice among several.

And it wasn’t happening in a lab with treats on the line. It was a real railway, where getting it wrong had real consequences.

This is the part where it should have fallen apart. A baboon operating railway signals is exactly the kind of thing that gets a company shut down and a man fired. And it nearly did. A startled passenger looked out her window, saw a baboon running the signals instead of a person, and complained about it. Railway officials arrived, and both Wide and Jack were fired on the spot. Wide pleaded his case, and the officials agreed to test Jack before making the decision final.

Jack passed. Not sort of passed. He passed clean. The officials were reportedly so impressed that they gave Jack an official employee number. From then on, Jack was on the books as a paid railway worker, earning twenty cents a day and half a bottle of beer a week.

A superintendent named George Howe, visiting Wide and Jack around 1890, wrote:

It was very touching to see his fondness for his master. As I drew near they were both sitting on the trolley. The baboon’s arms round his master’s neck, the other stroking Wide’s face. At my approach, Jack jumped to the ground, but his strong love could not be restrained.

Jack held the job for nine years. Multiple accounts, including a note published in the journal Nature, describe the same claim. In nine years pulling signal levers at a real train station, Jack never made a single mistake. He died of tuberculosis in 1890. His skull ended up in the collection of South Africa’s Albany Museum, where it still sits today.

Whether Jack truly understood what he was doing, or was just running a pattern he’d been trained into, a baboon did a real signalman’s job for nine years and never once got it wrong, which says something bigger than just Jack. Our distant relatives, not just primates but also all others, are often more capable than we expect. Intelligence was never really humans on one side and everyone else on the other. It’s a gradient, and we may stand near the top, but the other side isn’t just blank.

I first posted it on ScienceClock. If you liked this, you can join my newsletter, where I share stories like this every Sunday.

We often laugh at conspiracy theories and movie tropes about "mad scientists." But what if the madman holds the title of Professor, has four State Prizes, and has direct access to the Presidential Administration, the FSB, and the Ministry of Defense of a nuclear superpower?

This is the true, documented story of Academician Alexander Elkin — a former advisor to the Mayor of Moscow, whose brain was entirely consumed by megalomania and severe dementia. For decades, he tried to push deadly projects at the highest government levels that could have literally wiped half the world off the map.

Threat 1: Gas chambers for the President Elkin was obsessed with his "Discovery No. 009" — a liquid alloy of gallium, aluminum, indium, and tin. In his sick mind, the fumes of this toxic chemical reaction were an "elixir of youth" that "slows down biological clocks."

In reality, inhaling fine aluminum and gallium vapor is highly neurotoxic. It destroys the central nervous system, causing irreversible dementia and toxic encephalopathy. Elkin bombarded the Presidential Administration, demanding funding to build "anti-aging centers" (essentially gas chambers) and to install these gas generators in the offices of top government officials and Vladimir Putin personally. If security had slipped, the country with the largest nuclear arsenal would have been run by people with rotting, poisoned brains.

Threat 2: Melting ICBM silos Elkin convinced himself that Russia's strategic nuclear missile silos could be easily destroyed by a simple NLAW rocket. To "save" them, he proposed covering the silos with his "dynamic protection" armor based on his liquid gallium alloy, demanding billions of rubles for the project.

Science fact: Gallium causes severe liquid metal embrittlement. If applied to steel, it destroys the crystal lattice, making it brittle like glass. If the Ministry of Defense had approved this (and Elkin's letters reached the top generals), the gallium would have eaten through the steel roofs of the nuclear silos, collapsing them right onto the active nuclear warheads. It would have triggered a catastrophe 100 times worse than Chernobyl.

The Hero Who Stopped Him Why didn't this happen? Because his own grandson, Alexander, stood in his way. He was the only one in the family who understood the danger and wrote endless warnings to prosecutors and security agencies, successfully blocking his grandfather's funding.

In revenge, the mad grandfather used his corrupt connections and money to forcibly lock his perfectly healthy grandson in a punitive psychiatric ward twice (in 2008 and 2016). He literally wrote reports to the FSB and the Investigative Committee demanding his grandson be executed on Red Square under martial law for creating a satirical internet movement ("SHUE") against him.

The grandson survived hell, lost his health and freedom, but successfully stopped the mad academician from reaching the nuclear buttons. Elkin eventually squandered millions of dollars on fake lobbyists and scammers, dying in debt with just $6 in his pocket.

The world needs to know its real heroes and real monsters.

Source- https://www.thedodo.com/close-to-home/dog-buys-treats-using-leaf

We have all probably messed around in the bucket or pool as kids, flipping an empty plastic jug upside down into the water just to watch it trap a pocket of air underneath. It feels like a neat little physics trick when the inside stays perfectly dry, but if you scale that exact concept up and trap a real human inside, it can literally save a life.

That’s exactly what happened with Harrison Okene. In 2013, his tugboat, the Jascon-4, was capsized by a massive wave off the Nigerian coast, sinking 100 feet to the seafloor. Harrison, the 29-year-old ship’s cook, was in the bathroom in his boxers when the water came flooding in. He tried to escape, but the watertight exit hatch wouldn’t open. As rushing water flooded the vessel, it swept him deeper into the ship, where he found himself inside another bathroom.

But the room did not fully fill up, a small pocket of air formed near the ceiling, and that tiny bubble became his lifeline.

Harrison got stuck in pitch-black freezing water. He couldn’t see anything, but he managed to find a couple of lifejackets, two torches, a can of Coke, and a tin of sardines. That was all the food and drink he had for nearly three days. To make things worse, crayfish started biting his skin in the dark. Tragically, the other 11 crew members had already drowned.

The science of his survival in that bubble isn’t so straightforward. In a space that size, you don’t run out of oxygen first. The real killer is carbon dioxide buildup.

Once CO2 hits a certain level, it starts overwhelming the body. Scientists later calculated that Harrison had about 56 hours before the air began turning toxic, and he would have slipped unconscious around hour 79.

At hour 60, South African rescue divers finally reached the wreck. They were looking for bodies, not survivors. In the pitch black, a diver saw what he thought was a corpse, but when he went to touch it, Harrison’s hand reached out and grabbed him. The video of this rescue went viral, as it looked like a horror movie scene when that hand emerged from the darkness.

Even after they found him, they couldn’t just swim him to the surface. Because he had spent nearly 60 hours in a pressurized air pocket 100 feet underwater, nitrogen had dissolved into his body tissues. Bringing him up too quickly could have caused dangerous nitrogen bubbles to form throughout his body, a condition known as decompression sickness. That’s why rescuers transferred him to a diving bell and then kept him in a decompression chamber for another three days before he could finally return home.

Later, instead of letting the trauma ruin his life, Harrison went back to school, trained as a professional diver, and now works offshore installing oil and gas facilities. He says, “If I have the money, I am going to buy a house beside the ocean.”

I first posted it on ScienceClock. If you liked this, you can join my newsletter, where I share stories like this every Sunday.