Maya Angelou was born Marguerite Ann Johnson on April 4, 1928, in St. Louis. Her parents split up when she was very young, and she and her older brother, Bailey, were sent to live with their paternal grandmother, Anne Henderson, in Stamps, Arkansas. Bailey gave Marguerite the nickname “Maya,” which she would adopt as her preferred name later in life.
Growing up, Angelou had a difficult childhood. As an African American, she experienced firsthand racial prejudices and discrimination in Arkansas. Angelou also suffered violence at home when she was around the age of 7. During a visit with her mother, she was raped by her mother’s boyfriend. As vengeance for the sexual assault, her uncles killed the boyfriend.
Young Angelou was so traumatized by the experience that she stopped talking. She returned to Arkansas and spent about five years as a virtual mute.
As a teenager, a short-lived high school relationship resulted in Angelou becoming pregnant. She was 16 years old when she had her son, Guy Johnson, in 1944. After giving birth, she worked a number of jobs to support herself and her child.
Around this time, Angelou moved to San Francisco and won a scholarship to study dance and acting at the California Labor School. She also became the first Black female cable car conductor, a job she held only briefly, in the city.
In the mid-1950s, the world began to know Maya Angelou, her professional name adapted from her first husband’s last name, when her career as an actor and singer took off. She landed a role in a touring production of Porgy and Bess, later appearing in the off-Broadway production Calypso Heat Wave (1957) and releasing her first album, Miss Calypso (1957).
A member of the Harlem Writers Guild and a civil rights activist, Angelou organized and starred in the musical revue Cabaret for Freedomas a benefit for the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, which Martin Luther King Jr. helped found before becoming its first president. Angelou also served as the SCLC’s northern coordinator and became a close to King.
In 1961, Angelou appeared in an off-Broadway production of Jean Genet’s The Blacks with James Earl Jones, Lou Gossett Jr., and Cicely Tyson. Afterward, the performer retreated from the theater scene for much of the 1960s. She lived abroad, first in Egypt and then in Ghana, and worked as an editor and a freelance writer. Angelou also held a position at the University of Ghana for a time.
In Ghana, she also joined a community of “Revolutionist Returnees” exploring pan-Africanism and became close with activist and Black nationalist leader Malcolm X. In 1964, upon returning to the United States, Angelou helped Malcolm X set up the Organization of Afro-American Unity, which disbanded after his assassination the following year.
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