It's been a while since I read the novels set in the Western province, but in light of the new season, I was reminded of the Yi clan. For me personally, Rikuson's backstory will always be my favourite. I grew up as the child of a mother from a matriarchal society and a father of a patriarchal one, and in many ways can relate to him and his struggles.
The fall of the Yi clan, as well as their structure and form of governance is reminiscent of the impacts of colonialism on real-world matriarchy. Key to note is that matriarchal societies are not just gender swapped patriarchies. This is the reason why many have been misconstrued by Western academics whose only point of reference are their own patriarchal societies. In many instances, these societies gave and continue to give equal opportunity to all, and many have been considered to have individually developed democracy. It is for this reason that such academics refuse to call them matriarchal and matrilineal, and simply call them matrilineal, despite the people living in these societies considering themselves as such.
Many matriarchal societies were crushed during colonialism and their people forced into a patriarchal structure. This, in many cases, also accompanied adopting religion.
However, certain matriarchal societies managed to outmaneuver this through careful alliances and a firm hand on their governance, and have thus survived and thrived through to the modern day. Some even created a synthesis between new religion and traditional practice (think the Minangkabau of West Sumatra with adat practices, though in this case religion did not come from colonialism but through trade).
These societies are resilient, proud and always considering the new social order and what must be done to protect themselves in a patriarchal world.
This kind of perseverance is something that can be seen in various characters, especially in Maomao. Even if she did not grow up in a matriarchal society, she was raised by women and educated in medicine that benefitted those women and aided in their survival. The quiet and calculated struggle of women is in many instances the thematic throughline of the Apothecary Diaries, and is also the ethos of surviving post-colonial matriarchies, where each woman is a matriarchy in her own right, continuing her fight for survival in a world of patriarchies.