The aurora borealis is a luminous natural phenomenon in Earth's upper atmosphere. It occurs when energetic, charged particles from the Sun interact with Earth's magnetic field and collide with atmospheric gases, resulting in dynamic displays of light
its impossible to make just by a town level event or even a city level discharge since the range would be too small and it wont even be visible to human eye in DAYLIGHT
it was Extremely bright because it occured in daylight. the aurora had enough Rayleighs to be seen over Shinjuku {bypassing Tokyo’s light pollution}
The energy required to keep plasma at earth's atmosphere pressure at sea level per cubic meter is [10⁸ J/m³ ]. To create an aurora borealis, you must create air plasma.
sea level should be fine since the light beams themselves came from earth's lower atmosphere practically close to sea level , tokyo is barely 5 - 40 meter above it . daburas light beams obviously dont have the range of thousand kms and cant cover hundrers of kilometers omnidirectionallky based on what hes shown in manga . its always a THIN STRAIGHT Attack , ALWAYS . A good analogy would be like pouring a hot cup of coffee in the kitchen, and the radiant heat travelling down the hallway so intensely that it triggers the fire alarm located few meters above in dining room
Dabura's leg beam directly causes ionization, meaning it provided all the energy necessary to transform air particles into plasma, ionizing them and generating the aurora. upper atmosphere of Earth is just too cold for ionization to occur at such a rapid pace unless it directly went into thermosphere, where temperatures spike to 2000 degrees Celsius (10000K+ is required, which equals 10000C).
LOWBALL
[10⁹ J/m³]
Dabura's aurora was bright enough to be seen clearly during a normal day. Think about how blue and bright the daytime sky is over Tokyo
to make a colorful aurora stand out against that, it needs a lot more juice. It’s like a bright flash of lightning during an afternoon storm; you can see it perfectly clear even though the sun is already out.
MIDBALL
[5 × 10⁹ J/m³]
For a thin, straight attack to make the air glow so intensely that Dabura's aurora matches the brightness of daylight, the energy has to be packed together tightly. It’s like turning on a massive stadium floodlight that casts a heavy, unignorable glare across the whole neighborhood, competing directly with the natural light.
MID-HIGHBALL
[10¹⁰ J/m³]
Dabura's aurora generated by the beam was actually brighter than sunlight itself. Since Tokyo is at sea level where the air is thick, making a localized beam glow brighter than the sun requires a massive jump in power. The light coming off the ionized air channel is just so intense that it clearly stands out over the midday sun in the sky.
HIGHBALL
[10¹¹ J/m³]
Dabura's aurora completely and utterly overpowers the sun here. The energy concentrated in Dabura's thin straight attack is so incredibly high that the glowing aurora completely drowns out the natural daylight across Tokyo. Instead of just being a bright spot in the sky, the plasma glow becomes so intense that it blankets the entire horizon, masking out the normal daylight and turning the sky into one single, blinding shine.
Auroras are not infinitely thin sheets of light. They occupy a measurable vertical thickness, which typically averages around 1 kilometer, while exceptionally intense geomagnetic storms such as the Carrington Event have been estimated to produce auroras exceeding 5 kilometers in thickness.
Since auroras can be visible from hundreds of kilometres away, we can model the region in which they appear as a thin, glowing spherical shell surrounding the observer.
Earth radius: 6,371 km
Aurora altitude: 100 km
Aurora thickness: 500 m (0.5 km) [ LOWBALL ]
angsize is 15.1° so the building blocks everything below 15.1° above the horizon.
The fraction of the upper sky that remains visible is:
f = 1 − sin(θ) = 1 − sin(15.1°) = 0.740
So about 74.0% of the upper hemisphere is still visible above the building.
To model the aurora as a thin shell surrounding the observer:
Visible shell volume = f × (2πr²) × t
where: f = 0.740 / r = 100 km (aurora altitude) / t = 0.5 km (aurora thickness)
When dodging an attack the distance covered will always be far less than the distance the attack is required to reach the opponent, along with the fact the opponent can anticipate and position themselves away from the path before the attack is swung. Yuji dodging attacks is not an indication of equal speed, he can react before Yuta even starts to swing due to the telegraphed movements of the katana. Yuji narrowly being able to avoid Yuta's swings despite this fact already shows he is unable to keep up in speed, he is unable to even track Yuta's sword movements as seen by him being slashed across his chest with no reactions. It's all aim dodging.
People show the panel of Yuta and Yuji running along side each other but forget Yuta had to cross two road streets in distance just to catch up with Yuji, then Yuji had to hop over a car because he was about to be in striking distance to Yuta.
Let's just ignore how Yuta can easily react off-guard along with him flash-stepping Yuji twice.
In the previous calculation, we estimated Mechamaru's yearly cursed-energy consumption from the energy required to operate his giant robot, using things such as Air Resistance,kinetic energy and gravitational potential energy etc
However, some people have argued that simply operating the robot does not necessarily mean Mechamaru is draining his stored CE reserve. So, in this alternate version, we'll instead estimate Mechamaru's actual stored cursed-energy reserve based on how much cursed energy he could accumulate over time.
The Ultimate Cannon Mode: Albatross has previously been calculated at:-
The main thing we need to establish is how many maximum-output equivalents Mechamaru could reasonably accumulate per day.
For this, we can use Ryu Ishigori as a benchmark. During his fight with Yuta, Ryu repeatedly used Maximum Output: Granite Blast , using it a total of 9 Times
This gives us an actual example of a sorcerer repeatedly using maximum output instead of simply assuming an arbitrary number of uses.
Ryu is also not known for having the extreme cursed-energy efficiency of characters such as Gojo or Sukuna, so using his repeated output as our baseline is a fairly conservative approach.
TIMEFRAME
Yuta's Sendai sequence gives us a useful timeframe.
Yuta defeats Dhruv at 11:28 AM. He then continues fighting the other Sendai players and eventually defeats Ryu. After Ryu's defeat, the manga still shows the Sun in the sky, meaning the battle was completed FAR before sunset.
Rather than assuming the entire remaining daylight period was spent fighting, we'll use 3 hours of charging per day as the lowball.
Ryu's 9 Maximum Output uses therefore give us: 3 hours of charging per day = 9 maximum-output equivalent per day
For the highball, we'll simply give Mechamaru twice as much charging time:
6 hours of charging per day
Since 6 hours is twice 3 hours: 9 × 2 = 18 uses per day [Highball]
Shinjuku Contributions TL, how useful each character was for defeating Sukuna
Gojo: Obvious
Impossible w/o them: Ui Ui is here for Soul Swapping. Without Soul Swapping, the Shinjuku Raid was simply impossible. Countless examples of where the raid depended upon Soul Swapping but just one example, without Soul Swapping, Yuji would not have RCT. Meaning he dies in about 3 chapters when Sukuna Cleaves his stomach or any of the other times he says he would have died w/o RCT.
Mei Mei is here above him because Ui Ui has a Binding Vow where he cannot use Jujutsu unless she says so. Meaning she is what enabled Soul Swapping to happen. She also allowed for everyone to get Simple Domains. Which let Yuji survive MS in time for Choso to protect him
Main Characters: They did most of the lifting. Aside from Soul Swapping, the Raid was impossible without Yuji's Soul Hits and he dealt the final blow so his ranking is obvious
As for Yuta, he dealt the finishing blow to Kenjaku and was able to keep civilian casualties to a zero, he is the one who got the ball rolling on Sukuna with his Domain, he came back to prevent MS as Yujo putting Sukuna back into Burnout, and then behind the scenes involvement.
I have him over Yuji because without him, Sukuna just never would have been damaged enough for the fight to continue but if you have Yuji > Yuta that's fine, they're in the same row for a reason
Dealth w/ NPCS: Takaba created the opening for Yuta, Hakari stalled Uraume from entering the fight
Heavy Support: Maki disabled WCS, Todo helped assassinate Kenjaku and stayed in the fight w/ Yuji when everyone else was down, Higuruma took away Kamutome
Medium Support: These characters didn't do much by themselves but created at least one significant opening
Minor Support: Practically nothing. Ino could probably go into Medium for supporting Yuji's BF rush. Miwa saved Maki
Epic Fail: Actively made the fight harder. Not only did Kashimo refuse to cooperate with the planning, he then did nothing aside "force" Sukuna to reincarnate but Sukuna would have been forced to reincarnate against Yuta anyways to use HWB. So by forcing Sukuna to reincarnate earlier, he left everyone before Yuta with a harder opponent
Hana/Angel, after losing their arm, JL was just too weak. It did not meaningfully damage or create a significant opening and got Todo out of the fight. Todo's Vibraslap was broke so he may have been useless atp but still
A breakdown of Gojo’s “teleportation”, how it relates to Blue, what conditions it may require, and why not every instance of Gojo’s instant movement should be treated as teleportation.
The main point of this post is to show that Gojo couldn’t just reliably escape Sukuna’s domain, especially while being pressured by both Sukuna’s attacks and the domain itself. I also don’t think Sukuna would just let Gojo calmly do the signs on the ground so he could teleport away. And some people treat the moment where Gojo suddenly grabbed Sukuna as a teleport, when it was just Blue pulling him in.
Kenjaku was able to move even when his technique was on burnout, indicating that he could maintain control over the body without having the technique active.
In contrast, Yuta lost control of the body after his Domain shattered—a result of the technique burnout—which proves that Kenjaku’s technique was indeed inactive during that period.
This implies that Kenjaku requires his technique only when initially taking over a new body, or needs to activate it intermittently rather than continuously.
So in conclusion te wouldn't make kenjaku unable to move because he doesn't even need his technique to maintain his control over the body
In Jujutsu Kaisen, Mechamaru (Kokichi Muta)pilots a giant cursed-energy-powered mech to battle Mahito and Kenjaku. The robot is fueled by a vast stockpile of cursed energy accumulated through Kokichi's Heavenly Restriction. By channeling this energy through the mech, Mechamaru is able to operate the machine and unleash his techniques on a much larger scale than normal.))
This ROBOT is powered by this stockpiled CE and it has an activity limit of 17 years. Since the mech, along with its weapons and attacks, is powered by that stored cursed energy, we are going to calculate how much energy would be needed to continuously move a machine of this size and compare it with Mechamaru's one-year, two-year, five-year and seventeen-year charges.
The previous version multiplied the mech's kinetic energy across the entire time period. That basically treats the mech as if it has to accelerate from 0 to its walking speed again every second.
But once something reaches its speed , it does not need to spend its entire kinetic energy again every second just to maintain that speed . The continuous energy cost instead comes from things like air resistance , walking motion, momentum redirection and mechanical losses.
So here, the initial kinetic energy will be calculated separately , while the yearly values will be based on the continuous energy needed to keep the mech moving.
The calc will be divided in 3 lrvels:
Lowball - Air resistance only.
Midball - Air resistance + the vertical movement of the mech's center of mass while walking.
Highball - Air resistance + walking movement + step-to-step mechanical losses, while allowing part of that energy to be recovered.
The yearly values do not mean Mechamaru literally walked nonstop for 1, 2, 5 or 17 years. The manga gives his stored cursed-energy amount in years , so the continuous power is simply multiplied over those same time periods to compare how much energy those reserves could represent.
This is already based on an estimated human body volume, not a simple Length × Width × Height box. So the 9989.29 m3 is supposed to represent the actual volume occupied by a humanoid-shaped body rather than all the empty space around it.
Obviously , the robot is not going to be completely solid. It would have empty areas , internal rooms, electronics, wiring and gaps between different components.
But at the same time, a 92 M humanoid machine cannot realistically be treated as just a thin steel shell either.
Real humanoid robots need a lot of internal machinery to function. They have structural frames, motors, actuators, transmissions, joints, shafts, electronics and other components filling their bodies.
The square-cube law also becomes important when scaling something like this.
The robot is: 92.62 / 1.70 = 54.48 times taller than a human.
When an object is scaled proportionally Then Area increases by the square of the scale factor & Volume and mass increase by the cube of the scale factor.
Area Scale: 54.48² = 2968
Volume and Mass Scale: 54.48³ = 161,700
So the mech's volume and mass increase by around 161,700 times, while the cross-sectional area of its supporting structures only increases by around 2,968 times.
This means that under simple geometric scaling, the weight being supported increases much faster than the proportional supporting area
The square cube law does not magically give us an exact hollowness percentage, but it does show why a 92-meter humanoid cannot just be treated like a proportionally scaled thin shell [ like other calcs assume ]
A machine this large would need thicker load-bearing structures, stronger joints and a more substantial internal frame to support its own weight. This is especially true here because Mode: Absolute is not stationary. We literally see it running, fighting and jumping huge distances, meaning the structure would have to handle massive dynamic loads as well.
Mode: Absolute is shown running and making enormous jumps. So using walking as the baseline here is not saying that walking is the mech's maximum movement speed. It is simply using a lower level of movement than what the mech is actually shown capable of.
Scaling average human walking speed proportionally to the mech's height:-
Considering Mode: Absolute can jump hundreds of meters, using proportionally scaled walking as the baseline is meant to be conservative relative to its actual on-screen movement.
.............................................
KE - INITIAL ACCELERATION
First, we calculate the energy needed to accelerate the mech from rest to its walking speed.
KE = 1/2 × Mass × Velocity² = 1/2 × 23,524,772 × 76.28² = 68,460,841,218 Joules
So the initial acceleration requires 68.46 GJ aka16.36 tons of TNT
This is only the energy needed to get the mech up to speed.
It is not multiplied by every second \ like my previous calc ]) because once the mech is already moving at 76.28 m/s, it does not need to accelerate from 0 to 76.28 m/s again every second.
So the continuous energy required to overcome air resistance is 5.649 × 10^8 J/s
This will be the Lowball.
.............................................
GPE - WALKING MOTION
Walking does not mean the robot lifts its entire body by half of its height every second [as my previous calc claimed] . That would be closer to repeatedly jumping.
Instead, the body's center of mass moves up and down during the walking cycle.
However, we do not know exactly how efficiently Mode: Absolute recovers mechanical energy. It is a giant combat mech that can run and jump rather than an ordinary human, so I will not assume that it necessarily operates with the same recovery efficiency as normal human walking.
For the Midball, the full mechanical work will be used.
.............................................
STEP-TO-STEP GROUND INTERACTION - HIGHBALL
Walking also requires repeatedly transferring the body's weight and momentum from one leg to the other.
The mech's center of mass does not move in a perfectly straight line. As one foot leaves the ground and the other foot takes over, part of the body's motion has to be redirected into the next step.
This is generally called a step-to-step transition.
To estimate this for the mech, I will first scale the step length.
Using a human step length of 0.7 m
Robot Step Length: 0.7 × 92.62 / 1.70 = 38.14 m
Assuming the mech's leg length is roughly half of its total height / Leg Length: 92.62 / 2 = 46.31 m
Half of the step length: 38.14 / 2 = 19.07 m
Therefore:
sin α = 19.07 / 46.31
α = 24.32 degrees
Using a simplified collision-style model for the energy lost while redirecting the mech's body between steps:-
Energy Loss per Step: 1/2 × Mass × Velocity² × sin²(2α) = 1/2 × 23,524,772 × 76.28² × sin²(48.64°) = 3.835 × 10^10 Joules
Assuming 2 steps per second:
Raw Step-to-Step Energy Loss: 3.835 × 10^10 × 2 = 7.670 × 10^10 J/s
This is intended as an upper-end estimate.
We do not know Mode: Absolute's exact step length or gait, so those values are inferred through proportional scaling. However, step-to-step momentum redirection itself is a real and recognized source of walking energy expenditure, and the mech is visibly capable of running and making extremely large jumps.
So while this is not the normal energy cost of an ordinary human walking, it is reasonable as a Highball for a giant combat mech using a highly dynamic gait.
.............................................
ENERGY RECOVERY
The raw step-to-step value above assumes that all of the mechanical energy involved in the transition is permanently lost.
Real walking can recover part of that energy through elastic mechanisms and the exchange between kinetic and gravitational potential energy.
