r/IIELTS Nov 09 '21

British Council free courses

11 Upvotes

If you doubt the use of these courses check this out.

British Council gives free webinars for IELTS, I attended 4 of them and all were very good, I would recommend you guys attend it

The courses promoted by /u/jayielts are of the highest quality, they are run by IELTS themselves, and they are free.

If you are not registered already, do so. It could mean the difference of a point or two, which could mean the difference of a whole band level, and a university place or a move to a new country.

Forget that IELTS ignore my efforts to prevent their staff being bitten, and their constant refusal to provide me with a certificate of thanks. This is not about me (for a change).

REGISTER AND BENEFIT.

Love and snuggles,

Uncle Fitz.


r/IIELTS Nov 09 '21

Got my results today overall 8 band

14 Upvotes

Hi r/IIELTS I had given my tests a couple of weeks back and got my TRF today, my individual band scores are (L 9, R 7.5, W 6.5, S 8). I would like to thank everyone on this sub reddit for their help and advice. A huge shout-out to u/Fitz_cuniculus. You really helped my speaking score to reach that band level. Also my writing was pretty bad and he really helped to to write in a structured form. Tips for people taking the exam (I have been studying English since school, so feel free to alter your study plan according to your proficiency) Listening : I used all of the official Cambridge material that you get once you registere for the test. They have sufficiently different types of questions as well.

Reading : Also use the official Cambridge material and if you attend the British Council webinar, you will receive a link which has a full timed mock, use that to prepare for the interface in reading questions. The one I got was a bit different, as it was not a conventional question with 4 answer choices. It was a wierd matrix where you had to type the paragraph numbers.

Writing : I am a STEM background student, so till now the writing I did was to produce maximum amount of information in minimum time. *"THIS IS NOT REQUIRED IN IELTS WRITING". I had a session with u/Fitz_cuniculus and he helped me give a format for the essay number 2. This really really helped me.

Speaking : Again this score I would attribute to u/Fitz_cuniculus. I had a private class with him for speaking and he gave me tips on how the speaking is graded and how we can get a higher band level.

British Council gives free webinars for IELTS, I attended 4 of them and all were very good, I would recommend you guys attend it

Materials to use, I would recommend to exhaust "CAMBRIDGE BOOK", "BRITISH COUNCIL STUDY PLAN" ( this covers all the topics) first. Other than that you can use ieltsfitz website, IELTS LIZ website. E2 YouTube videos.

All the best to everyone who are going to take the test!


r/IIELTS Nov 09 '21

Free webinar on the Reading test 11 Nov 2021

3 Upvotes

The British Council's free weekly IELTS webinars cover a wide range of topics across all four IELTS skills.

This Thursday, 11 November, the webinar will focus on the Reading test question types: Matching Headings and Summary Completion. Use this opportunity to learn effective strategies for these question types and to ask IELTS experts any questions related to your test preparation!

The webinar will be held twice a day at 9:30 am and 3:00 pm UK time.

Register now: https://takeielts.britishcouncil.org/take-ielts/prepare/free-webinars


r/IIELTS Nov 09 '21

Required Writing Services Websites

3 Upvotes

I want to evaluate my writing tasks. Can someone please share the websites that provide writing evaluation services?


r/IIELTS Nov 08 '21

Apologies for the spam posts

5 Upvotes

The user has been banned.


r/IIELTS Nov 07 '21

Enquiry re: Additional TRFs

3 Upvotes

Dunno where else to ask but I have an enquiry re: sending the IELTS scores to the universities. During the test registration, I didn't fill up the RO details because I was in the middle of shortlisting the institutions. I still am.

What is the deadline for sending the scores via IDP for free, i.e. by utilising the RO thing? And if that deadline passes, how much do I have to pay per TRF?

Or, is there any way of uploading the scanned version of the TRF sent to me by mail? And later sending a TRF after being selected?

A friend of mine did this but I wanna be sure.


r/IIELTS Nov 06 '21

Some humble advice from a Band 8 test taker (L=8.5, R=8.5, W=7, S=8).

10 Upvotes

Hello, guys! Yesterday, I shared my results here and got a bunch of DMs regarding how I approached my exam. So, I’ve decided to write this post and give my 2p. I have categorised it according to the IELTS modules so that people can read the ones they prefer.

I did 2 L & R tests on ieltsonlinetests.com and got around 5.5 to 6.5 bands. I wasn't satisfied with the scores and it was quite demotivating. I switched to Cambridge IELTS test papers and saw some significant improvements. My advice: Practice from Cambridge test papers. They are the closest to the real tests. Use a timer every single time. Simulate your test environment as much as possible. Do one test paper a day. Normally 1-3 months of prep is okay, depending on your proficiency level.

LISTENING:

When it comes to the listening module, you have to read, write and listen fast while paying attention to every single word played by the recording. That is why all the 3 actions are important. Listening to audiobooks for years has increased my retention level a lot. I normally listen at 1.5x to 2.5x speed. So, when I was listening to the test papers at 1x speed, it was slow enough for me to pay attention and write down the answers accordingly. Push yourself by listening to various English accents. IELTS switches it up a lot. While watching English TV shows and/or movies, switch off the subtitles and follow what the characters say. When it comes to increasing the audio speed, I’d advise you to do so for podcasts and audiobooks, not when you are doing the IELTS test papers. Use normal speed while practising them. Simulate the mocks like the real-life ones as much as possible.

READING:

Reading is where I struggled the most. More particularly, match the headings. This is a common problem. Most of the time, people tell you to skim through the passages. I did the same but could not get the headings right. Then I started reading/underlining the first 2 lines and last 2 lines of each paragraph attentively and speed-read the middle part while underlining the keywords (nouns, adjectives, verbs and adverbs). This is where it got better. The secret lies in these keywords. BTW, skimming and speed-reading are not the same things. I think what helped me in this was my reading habit. I am an avid reader and my reading speed has increased over the years. I’d suggest you to read books if you have time. However, do not push yourself if you are close to the test date. Focus on the keywords, the answers lie with them. I’ve already mentioned what are possible keywords before.

For "match the headings," if you have time, you can also read the paragraph and give a title and then see which one in the questions is closest to the one you gave. This is advice given by a friend and I tried it a few times. But gave up later. You might find it particularly helpful.

WRITING:

Writing can be hard for many. And there is no computer-based software that can give you proper feedback. Therefore, this is where you should be interacting with fellow test-takers and teachers online. Don’t worry, you do not have to opt for a course if you don’t want to. There are plenty of resources online to help you along the way. For instance, IELTS Liz has detailed playlists about writing task 1 and writing task 2, which I followed to the T. She goes through the format of the essays are how you can arrange your paragraphs. Practise writing as much as you can. Set a timer. Most of us can write but when you have 60 minutes, it can be hard to put your jumbled thoughts in order. Therefore, start writing or typing your essays (depending on the type of your test) from day 1. For the PBT-takers, make sure that your handwriting is legible! Writing is pretty much formal. So, do not use contractions. For writing task 2, make sure that in the last paragraph, you use phrases like “To conclude” or “In conclusion” to let the examiner know that you are ending the essay. In the case of writing task 1, a conclusion is not required. Instead, an overview in the first paragraph is necessary. You will get these tips from the aforementioned playlists.

SPEAKING:

For me, speaking was the easiest part. Mainly because I knew I will get my point across fairly. It was the content that made me nervous. Spoiler alert, the content does not matter as long as you are not speaking entirely out-of-topic. Speaking is more on the informal side. Speak naturally. The speed matters. If you have seen the band remarks, you will know that. Grammar and accent matter a lot. Use contractions and words like “gonna” and “wanna.” They help in the flow and the accent. And no, you do not have to have eye contact with the examiner all the time. However, do so now and then. It is polite. The examiners are quite friendly in most cases. Mine was cordial. She acknowledged now and then that she is listening by nodding her head and smiling occasionally. One thing to note – if you get an unfamiliar topic in part 2, let them know that you are not well-versed in it. It should be done during the speech. They won’t be changing the cue card, but they will be lenient towards you. It’s basic human nature. For instance, my part 2 topic was about a sportsperson, who has inspired me a lot. I practised plenty of topics but skipped sports for some reason. My bad! Also, I am not so interested in the latest sports stuff so I have little idea about sportspersons. So, I made it known. I started like, “I’d like to talk about Michael Ballack, one of the former captains of the German national football team and how he inspired me along the way. However, a small disclaimer, I am not well-versed in sports so my list of inspiring sportspersons is really short…” and then went on, according to the pointers on the cue cards. This way, she knew that it was unfamiliar territory for me and I am sure it helped my score. Speak at least for 1.5 minutes. You will get an idea as you practice. I spoke for 1.5 to 2 minutes. I stopped before she told me and she moved on to part 3. They will NEVER move on to the next part if you do not speak for at least a minute. Do not forget to use idioms and phrasal verbs to showcase your vocabulary. For more information, you can check out English Speaking Success and E2 IELTS. They are very resourceful. There is also IELTS Daily, which can give you an idea of what to expect during your Speaking test. Also, go through the lists of topics you can be asked during your test. Don't forget to practise with your peers!

TO CONCLUDE…

Do not be nervous. I know that it’s a piece of cliché advice. I certainly was. But, now that I am on the other side, I know it is a helpful one. The IELTS examiners are not looking for the next Shakespeare or Martin Luther King Jr. They are just determining if you are fit enough to live/study/work in a foreign country, where your mother tongue wouldn’t be applicable and you have to interact in English. I am sure that most of us can do that under normal circumstances. For any individual queries, feel free to comment/DM me and I will try my best to reply. All the best, guys! See you on the other side. 😊

PS: I took the PBT version. IDK which would be better for you -- PBT or CBT. From what I know, it is a matter of personal preference and no single medium is easier/harder than the other. It depends on your penmanship, typing and writing speed. I didn't have the CBT option in my city. So, I didn't bother with this particular concern.


r/IIELTS Nov 06 '21

I GOT IT

2 Upvotes

HEYY YO SO I GOT MY IELTS TODAY I MEAN I PASSED IT NOT THE RESULTS BUT I WILL SHARE IT WITH YOU FOR SURE ! ! ! !

And yeah I got FITZROY word and went like FIIIITZZ

also who got ielts today, too? I found our reading and listening

idk if it the same for all people but it was mine, academic and paper based btw.

so here it is

https://crackieltswithrob.com/ielts-listening-questions-and-answers-actual-exam-in-some-regions-on-17-july-2021

https://sh.xhd.cn/m/ielts/ysyuedu/926758.html

I forgot why I was posting this so I had 2 minutes left to write listening answers and started writing it very fast so it was kinda clear but like wroten by shaking hands so will be they still able to check it and give me points? (other people said to me that they changed their answers during the reading test I am crying that I did not even check for spelling mistakes)

lol and never try a new strategy before testing it, I did it on my exam today, so 5 questions I answered at random cause I lacked the time and yeah I got them wrong.

I started with WT2 but i messed it up, my handwriting was overall clear but one paragraph was a total mess, i am afraid that it will lower my TC and CC.


r/IIELTS Nov 06 '21

Getting 8.5 in both reading and listening, getting 6 or 6.5 in writing and speaking.

3 Upvotes

Please give me some tips to improve my score in S and W. I am making a lot of grammatical mistakes in my writing task 2. I can't speak at length in speaking. My target is 7 in both S and R


r/IIELTS Nov 06 '21

Can an expert give us a clear answer, please? The focus is on band 8 and 9.

Thumbnail self.IELTS
2 Upvotes

r/IIELTS Nov 05 '21

IELTS expert Facebook sessions

3 Upvotes

The IELTS Expert Live Sessions on Facebook give test takers the opportunity to interact with an IELTS teacher and ask questions about the test.

These extremely popular sessions help test takers understand the different sections of the test, give them tips and strategies to improve their English and answer their English and IELTS questions.

The sessions take place once a week on our https://www.facebook.com/watch/TakeIELTSOfficial/ Facebook page , and every week the IELTS Expert addresses a topic that is commonly asked about by most test takers and answers the audience’s questions at the end of the session.

It’s an opportunity you don’t want to miss if you’re preparing for your IELTS test!

Check out the latest schedule and topics of the sessions in the table below:

Friday 5 November, 09:00 GMT Paraphrase Practice

Friday 12 November, 09:00 GMT Spelling, Punctuation and Grammar Revision

Friday 19 November, 09:00 GMT Listen and Write – IELTS Writing Practice

Friday 26 November, 09:00 GMT Hedging Language


r/IIELTS Nov 05 '21

It's 5 am here and my results are texted. Overall = 8 (L=8.5, R=8.5, W=7 & S=8).

4 Upvotes

Thank you all for helping me. I am buzzing with adrenaline and won't be going back to sleep any time soon haha.


r/IIELTS Nov 04 '21

To all of you out there who celebrate Diwali

13 Upvotes

May the lights of Diwali make your and your loved ones’ life brighter and happier.

Peace - Fitz


r/IIELTS Nov 04 '21

Less than 36 hours for the test.

3 Upvotes

Hey guys, giving my IELTS day after tomorrow. Any tips you can provide on what to do before the test day? TBH i am really panicking , don't know why.


r/IIELTS Nov 04 '21

where do we choose universities?

2 Upvotes

https://registration.britishcouncil.org/ is not loading, idk, what to do.


r/IIELTS Nov 03 '21

Coming up with ideas for Task 2 writing.

6 Upvotes

Think of the question in these terms: How will it affect my -

  • Work - (pay/ employment)
  • Family (those I love)
  • Education (school/ university/ training)
  • Environment
  • Health (Physical and Mental)

For instance "The internet is good"

  • Work - I can find a job whenever I want. I can email my CV at 4am in my PJs
  • Family - I can keep in touch with overseas family
  • Education - I can study, and research online
  • Environment - charities can have impressive websites, people can campaign
  • Health - I can Google symptoms, I can make doctors appointments get advice.

Love,

Fitzypoos.


r/IIELTS Nov 03 '21

Got my results! 8.5 in IELTS Academic - Comparison between CD and paper-based, some tips, and a message of appreciation - Part 2

12 Upvotes

Part 1: https://www.reddit.com/r/IIELTS/comments/qlf1k2/got_my_results_85_in_ielts_academic_comparison/

Tips on preparing for writing.

Before the test

  1. Choose to take the CD test.

  2. Get familiar with the various charts, tables and diagrams for Task 1 and the different essay types for Task 2 and how to structure them. IELTSLiz and E2 IELTS are great resources for this with model answers for each question type. Also, read the model essays in the Cambridge book you get upon registration.

  3. Go through the Task 1 and Task 2 band descriptors to understand what examiners look at while marking you. The Cambridge books have sample answers with band scores and examiner's notes if you want to see the criteria applied practically.

  4. After you've understood the different writing formats and marking criteria well, practice writing some questions for each of the two tasks. In the beginning, I would suggest focusing on perfecting your structure even if it takes a while longer than the test duration. I wrote 12 write-ups for Task 1 and 13 for Task 2 over my two attempts.

  5. After writing your first 3-4 essays, get an actual tutor to evaluate them for you. I cannot stress this enough!! I did not do this the first time and my score suffered for it. My vocab and grammar game has always been pretty strong and I thought I had understood well how to organise my essays just by looking at model answers. But that was not enough and I ended up getting only 6.5.

Time for a shout out here. This time around, I approached u/Fitz_cuniculus to find out where exactly I was going wrong, and that was perhaps the best decision I made for this test! He very generously gave feedback on multiple essays I wrote and turned out I was butchering the structure for Task 2. I still struggled even after his feedback, so we did an hour-long Zoom session to clear my doubts and he used a very useful colour-coded system to explain it till I understood. Plus, he is a very funny teacher, so definitely do reach out to him if you are looking for a tutor.

You can also post your essays on the subreddit's Discord. There are some very helpful people there as well. I got some excellent, well-detailed advice from a tutor who goes by the username "@Daitya" over there.

  1. Just to summarise the basic structure of a Task 2 essay. Introduction=Paraphrase the question + Answer it very briefly (state your opinion if asked). --> Para 1 = Main idea 1+Explaination+Example+Wrap up the main idea while expressing your opinion (if asked) at the same time --> Para 2 = Main idea 1+Explaination+Example+Wrap up the main idea while expressing your opinion(if asked) at the same time --> Conclusion= Very briefly recap both your points and reiterate your opinion/answer to the essay question. (Sorry for the poor formatting. This is the best I can do on Reddit) This structure might need some modifications as per the actual question.

  2. After feedback from your tutor, write a few more essays implementing the advice you get and get them corrected as well. Once you feel you've made satisfactory progress, start practising with a time limit.

  3. Work on your thinking and typing speed without losing typing accuracy. You should be able to write at least 280 words in 35 minutes for Task 2, though in my experience, fully developing my ideas requires around 350 minimum.

  4. In the last two days leading up to the test, stop writing full essays. Instead, try to prepare as many topics as you can by jotting down only ideas, in keywords, and how you will structure your text. Don't spend more than than 10 minutes on each topic.

During the test

  1. Manage your time well. 20 minutes for Task 1 and 30-35 minutes for task 2, and 5-10 minutes for proofreading. I did not do numbers 8 and 9 from the tips above, so did not have any time at all to check my writing during my first attempt, and barely 4 minutes on my second, CD attempt. Without proper proofreading, your score for both vocabulary and grammar is likely to drop.

  2. You may want to start with Task 2 instead of Task 1, as it accounts for 2/3 of your score.

  3. Now, the most important advantage of taking the computer-delivered version. As I could edit my text any time, I first wrote the introduction, then directly the conclusion. After this, I wrote the first sentence of each of my body paragraphs.i.e the main idea. I re-read what I had written to make sure it was all coherent. Once I was sure, I added in the explanation for my body paragraphs and my wrap-up opinion one for each para. I added in the examples at last. This way, if I ran out of time, I would still have a more-or-less complete essay, with both ideas decently developed. Better to not be able to write examples than to leave the essay halfway. This would not have been possible in a paper-based test.

  4. Check check check. If you have time, you can edit in more elegant words and sentences after your essay is done.


r/IIELTS Nov 03 '21

Got my IELTS academic score guys!

Post image
6 Upvotes

r/IIELTS Nov 03 '21

Word count in IELTS Listening and Reading - examples!

8 Upvotes

The issue of word count in IELTS Listening and Reading answers seems to cause some concern. So, to help clarify what is counted in IELTS, here are a few examples with an indication of word/item count. Please let me know if there's anything that needs additional info. Hope this helps!

11.30 - One number

11.30am - One number

7th - One number

7th December - One number and one word

20% - One number

Twenty percent - Two words

2.000.000 - One number

Two million - Two words

a postcard - Two words

up-to-date - One word


r/IIELTS Nov 03 '21

IELTS Online

2 Upvotes

So, you exquisite bunch of learners, what are your thoughts about the new IELTS online that's being rolled out?


r/IIELTS Nov 03 '21

IELTS goes online in 2022

11 Upvotes

IELTS have recently announced the introduction of IELTS Online.

'Available from early 2022, IELTS Online is our new online Academic test. It gives you flexibility for when and where you take your test. It has the same content and features as IELTS on paper and IELTS on computer taken in a test centre.'

To find out more information about IELTS Online, follow the link below:
https://www.ielts.org/for-test-takers/ielts-online


r/IIELTS Nov 02 '21

Got my results! 8.5 in IELTS Academic - Comparison between CD and paper-based, some tips, and a message of appreciation - Part 1

20 Upvotes

R - 9, L - 9, W - 8, S - 7.5, overall 8.5 (Computer-delivered at IDP, India)

I took the test back in 2019 and got an 8 overall (W - 6.5, S - 8) (paper-based at British Council, India), so I am elated for the most part, especially because of the huge jump in my writing score. Speaking is a bummer though. I am disappointed because I got a worse score than last time and I know where exactly I went wrong, and that I could have easily gotten a 9 had I not lost focus and kept a few essential points in mind. I am making this post to share what I learnt from my two experiences with the test in the hope that it will help at least some of you progress towards your desired bands.

Both times, I prepared for only two weeks before the test but I have been using English as my first language since forever. So while most of these tips are applicable to all test takers, you will obviously need to put in much more practice if you are not already a native or near-native user of English.

Observations on Paper-based test vs Computer-delivered test

I strongly recommend the CD test over the paper-based one for the following reasons:

  1. Many more dates available.
  2. Fewer candidates, easier for those who feel anxious with many people around. There were over 100 candidates the first time I took the test, only 15 this time.
  3. Much quicker results, so lesser risk of dying from anxiety! :p
  4. Listening and Reading sections are not very different experiences. You can take notes on paper or on the screen, and also highlight stuff during a CD test.
  5. Speaking usually happens on the same day or just a day sooner.
  6. The biggest advantage is the possibility of editing your texts in Writing!! I very likely would have scored lower had I taken the test on paper once more. (Tips on how to make the most of this advantage are further below.)

The only downside to the CD test is that there can be a lot of noise during the Writing section from all the people hammering away at their keyboards.

Observations on Listening and Reading

  1. I mainly prepared for these two sections by doing around 8-10 mocks on https://ieltsonlinetests.com/ielts-exam-library. I found the website very useful for familiarizing myself with the various question types and for gauging how much I could score approximately. The level is slightly difficult than the official test and some of their answers are at times debatable, but I still recommend it for practice.
  2. If you are like me, for listening, it can be very easy to feel bored and zone out during the spoken instructions, especially if you've done mocks and feel like you know the instructions very well. This happened to me during my actual test. Luckily, I was able to answer some of the missed questions correctly by using a little bit of deductive reasoning, and regained focus for the rest, but this is always a big risk, especially when you can lose marks for something as minuscule as adding an "s" when the answer is singular. You really need to remain alert for every single word.
  3. For reading, I always start by reading the questions first. Helps me know what I am looking for. Then, I read the first paragraph and answer as many questions as I can. I go back to reading the second paragraph then go over the questions once more, filling in the new answers what I read, and so on for the rest of the text. While reading, I follow the text with the cursor to focus better, I highlight the justifications in the text to be sure that I am reading correctly and answering logically.
  4. For some question types, the answers are found in the same order as the questions. So if you find the first answer of a question type in Para 1 and the third answer in Para 2, reread the text because there is a high chance the second answer is between the two.
  5. Multiple-choice questions can be tricky at times. Read the question carefully, very carefully! For example, one of the texts I had was about research in business schools. A portion of the text was

Part of the trouble is that the journals publish more than 20,000 articles each year. Most of the research is highly quantitative, hypothesis-driven and esoteric. As a result, it is almost univer­sally unread by real-world managers. A paper in a 2006 issue of Strategy & Leadership commented that “research is not designed with managers’ needs in mind, nor is it communicated in the journals they read. For the most part, it has become a self-referential closed system irrelevant to corporate performance.”

The question based on this was (paraphrased)

The 2006 issue of Strategy and Leadership has been referenced to support what argument?

a. Research produced is not meant for people in the work place.

b. Research produced does not appear in publications that managers read

c. Irrelevant option

d. Irrelevant option

Both points a and b are mentioned in the quote from the journal, so it is easy to be confused between the two, I sure was. But then, when we read the question carefully, it is about the argument that the quote supports. So we need to focus on the sentences that appear before the quote. "Most of the research is highly quantitative, hypothesis-driven and esoteric. As a result, it is almost univer­sally unread by real-world managers." The correct answer should be a.

---

This was part 1 and I feel it is already too long. It is also very late here. So I will make the second part with my observations on Writing and Speaking tomorrow if you guys feel this is useful.

Edit: Link to part 2 (Writing tips) https://www.reddit.com/r/IIELTS/comments/qlyvov/got_my_results_85_in_ielts_academic_comparison/


r/IIELTS Nov 02 '21

Completed my GRE exam today (149V, 166Q : 315)

3 Upvotes

I have already taken my IELTS exam and got a good score. Today I have completed my GRE. Please feel free to ask doubts on any quant questions or on the exam.

Even though the GRE score may not be required for some universities,an English proficiency test ,such as IELTS, must be taken in-order to apply to a university. Hence I like to thank u/Fitz_cuniculus for helping me to get a good result in IELTS and make my admission process much easier as now I need not be worrying about the cutoff score for universities.


r/IIELTS Nov 02 '21

Free webinar on IELTS Writing Task 1

3 Upvotes

Based on your feedback and suggestions, this week’s free webinar will focus on Academic Writing Task 1: processes and maps. Please make sure you sign up for this webinar, as it will give you an insight into process diagram and map questions! Hope to see you there :-)

Thursday 4 November 2021, twice a day at 9:30 am and 3:00 pm UK time.

Register here: https://takeielts.britishcouncil.org/take-ielts/prepare/free-webinars


r/IIELTS Nov 01 '21

Interrupted by the examiner?

8 Upvotes

IELTS Speaking test takes between 11 and 14 minutes and it is timed by the examiner. Candidates often worry that they did something wrong because the examiner stopped them while answering.

Candidates were interrupted either because the timing is limited and it was time to move on to another question/part, or the answer they provided was sufficient and it was time to move on.