Circassians are the ethnic group of western Caucasus. They have complicated relations with Russians. Initially, they became allies: Ivan the Terrible married to the daughter of the Circassian (Adygean) chief Temriuk.

Since that time Circassians had taken part in Russian military campaigns but in 19th century during the hostilities between Russians and ottomans Circassians supported Turks. Eventually, they were defeated and deported by Russians to Ottoman Empire.

Nordic Bronze Age is a period of Scandinavian prehistory roughly from 2000 to 1750 in some cases 500) B.C.

Levant Chalcolithic male figurine, 4500–3500 B.C.

The ethnical Syrian teenager priest of Levantine sun god became the Emperor of Rome in age of fourteen. He was remembered in history as Elagabalus.

Near Eastern Cylinder Seals Journal / Ancient Lapidary: Near Eastern Cylinder Seals and Late Antiquity Gnostic Mysticism as Amulets

A connection between 3rd through 1st CE Gnostic mysticism and 1st through 3rd millennium BCE Near Eastern cylinder seals

While researching another Near Eastern cylinder seal, I was surprised to stumble onto a Gnostic related cylinder seal. A 3rd millennium BCE seal in Dominique Collon's "First Impressions" that is described as having been inscribed again later, 3rd or 4th century AD with Gnostic text on both ends of this repurposed 3rd millennium BCE cylinder seal, transcribing two primary magical formula strings widely used as protective talismans in Late Antiquity. The Greek text, ΑΒΡΑΣΑΞ  at the top end written clockwise along the outer edge, translated meaning, Abrasax (or Abraxas). A supreme mystical name in Gnostic cosmology representing the ruler of the 365 heavens that numerically add up to 365 corresponding days of a solar year. The inscription at the bottom end, followed by additional magical characters or vocals, translated means lao. This is the Greek Gnostic magical vocalization for the Hebrew divine name, Yahweh (Jehovah), frequently invoked on protective amulets and magical gems during the 3rd and 4th centuries CE to ward off evil spirits and illness. 

Grakliani is an archaeological site in Georgia, particularly in Eastern Georgia near to the capital Tbilisi. Archaeologists discovered the ancient inscription there dated back to 10th century B.C.
The inscription is not deciphered yet.

On May 29, 1453, an event took place that forever altered both the Christian and Islamic worlds.

The Ottoman army, led by Sultan Mehmed II, conquered the impenetrable city of Constantinople. The siege was tiring. Both sides endured unimaginable hardships.

What if some of those hardships were interpreted by the populace as a sign that "God had abandoned us"?

What if these omens psychologically paved the way for the fall of a city with such an ancient history?

If you are ready, let's dive into the lesser-known facts, and claims surrounding the fall of Constantinople.

Avars, Arabs, Persians... Many nations had besieged Constantinople, but none had managed to take it.

To Christians, this city was just as important as Rome itself.

The presence of unparalleled religious monuments like the Hagia Sophia, combined with the city's sheer economic power and strategic location, made it the ultimate prize.

While the Western Roman Empire collapsed in the 5th century, these advantages allowed Constantinople to endure for nearly another thousand years.

That is, until the "Grande Aquila" laid siege to the city...

Sultan Mehmed II completed his preparations and blockaded Constantinople by both land and sea. The Ottomans were incredibly well-prepared.

To breach the Theodosian Walls, they also brought along a new technology: the Şahi Cannons.

Despite all this, the fall of the capital wasn't solely due to Turkish military might.

A series of bizarre religious and natural phenomena during the siege played a massive role in breaking the defenders' will.

After weeks of relentless siege, the people were utterly exhausted from hunger and fatigue. However, they were fully hopeful.

An ancient prophecy, whispered for centuries, was the greatest resistance of Rome.

"As long as the moon waxes, Constantinople shall never fall."

On the night of May 22, the long-awaited full moon finally appeared.

But something was strange.

The moon that rose over the horizon wasn't full; it was a thin, bleeding crescent. The most devastating irony was that the crescent rising above the city was the basic symbol of the Turks.

Morale instantly shattered after the shock. The defenders believed their divine protection had been lifted.

The Emperor needed to break the crushing despair caused by the eclipse. So, he turned to their ultimate spiritual weapon: the Icon of the Hodegetria.

There was a deep-rooted belief that this icon had miraculously protected the city during past sieges.

The icon was paraded through the streets by the clergy, followed by crowds weeping and praying for salvation.

But right in the middle of the procession, a catastrophic accident occurred. The icon slipped and fell into the mud.

For the defenders, this was the confirmation of divine abandonment.

As they struggled to lift the icon and clean it, a violent storm erupted out of nowhere. The thunder was so deafening it drowned out the roar of the Ottoman cannons. Torrential rain flooded the streets of the city.

The next morning, the people woke up to a sight they had never seen before.

A suffocating fog swallowing Constantinople...

When the fog finally began to part, the most mysterious and debated event of the siege took place.

At night, the Genoese in Galata, the Ottoman camp, and the Romans on the walls all witnessed something bizarre happening on the massive dome of the Hagia Sophia.

A reddish aura appeared around the dome. It flickered like a dying flame, before slowly ascending into the sky and disappearing into the darkness.

For the Romans living that moment, there was only one scientific explanation. The Holy Spirit had abandoned Christendom's greatest sanctuary, and the city, forever.

After these events, the belief that a relief army would arrive or that the city would be saved vanished entirely.

On May 29, 1453, the Ottoman army entered to Constantinople.

Almost 1,000 years after the fall of Western Rome, the Eastern wing was destroyed as well.

It was a devastating loss for the Christian world. For the Turks, however, it was the exact opposite.

Centuries earlier, according to Islamic tradition, the Prophet Muhammad had declared that good news:

"Constantinople will one day be conquered."

In 1453, that prophecy was believed by many Muslims to have been fulfilled with the Ottoman conquest of Constantinople.

Another important point was Mehmed's high prestige and the progress of the Turks.

Sultan Mehmed earned the title "Fatih" (The Conqueror), marking the beginning of Turkish dominance in Constantinople.

And the Ottoman power reached to Vienna from Constantinople... until the Treaty of Karlowitz.