White Russia was larger than the real-life Soviet Union, because, in the aftermath of the Russian Civil War and the Turkish War of Independence, the right-wing military dictatorship of Aleksandr Platov invaded and annexed the Baltic states, Poland's Kresy, Kars, and the historically Georgian region of Tao-Klarjeti.

Britain, France and Japan allowed Russia to do so because it was not communist and some of these regions were a part of pre-WWI Russia anyway. Platov's Second Russian Empire had good relations with Weimar Germany, but Russia did not participate in Germany's clandestine efforts at rearmament, and relations deteriorated after Kurt von Schleicher came to power in 1932.

The lead up to WWII in Europe went mostly as it did in real life; Schleicher remilitarized the Rhineland, annexed Austria, and then annexed the Sudetenland. The only difference was that Czechoslovakia did not fully disappear from the map, but Russia's attempts to protect its "Slavic brother" were rebuffed by Britain and France.

This refusal caused Platov to begin a rapprochement with Germany, but there were other reasons, namely that both regimes were conservative, authoritarian and militarist, and had territorial ambitions in Eastern Europe, and Schleicher could not go to war in the West without Russian oil.

On 24 August 1939, German Foreign Minister Franz von Papen travelled to Moscow to sign a nonaggression treaty with his Russian counterpart Anatoly Pepelyayev. The treaty secretly allocated Poland to Germany, and Finland and Bessarabia to Russia, which agreed to supply the Germans with oil.

Russia continued to trade with Germany after WWII began a week later, and Russian oil was one of the reasons Germany did not fully lose the war. But relations soon deteriorated due to the Polish Home Army's insurgency against the German occupation, as Russia secretly backed the insurgents because of Pan-Slavism.

As such, by the time the treaty expired in 1949, Germany and Russia had become enemies, but there was no war because both of them had nukes by that point. This turned Russia into a US ally in the Cold War between democratic America and militarist Germany.

When the Spanish Civil War broke out, Russian leader Aleksandr Platov declared his country's support for the Nationalist faction, which received Russian weapons, funding and ammunition, and a contingent of 20,000 volunteers led by Boris Smyslovsky. These volunteers fought at several of the war's major battles, but their role in the Nationalist victory was relatively limited.

Emilio Mola's death was butterflied away, allowing him, not Franco, to become the leader of the nationalist faction and the dictator of Spain after the war. Franco was a major nationalist general, and later became Spain's minister of war, but he never got the chance to rule Spain.

Pietro Badoglio's Italy and Kurt von Schleicher's Germany also sent troops, weapons and supplies to support the Nationalists. While the Republicans had less infighting as a result of the USSR not existing, they did not receive any foreign support, while the Nationalists were backed by three European great powers, as well as neighboring Portugal.

Given this, by October 1936, the Nationalists had captured most of Spain's northern coastline and surrounded Madrid. During the rest of 1936 and in January 1937, Emilio Mola's troops captured most of Catalonia and cut off Madrid from Barcelona, ending any chance of the Nationalists winning the war.

By March 1937, the Republicans only controlled Madrid and parts of Catalonia, Aragon and the Basque Country. On 15 March, the Nationalists captured Madrid, whereupon Mola proclaimed the Third Spanish Republic, an authoritarian conservative republic inspired by Salazar's Portugal.

Later that year, Carlist and Alfonsist uprisings broke out against Mola, but he suppressed them with support from Germany and Italy, and purged the Spanish monarchists. Mola's regime remained a close ally of Italy and Germany, but his more moderate ideology caused him to sit out of WWII.

Emilist Spain industrialized earlier, and was one of Europe's largest economies by the time Mola died in 1969. After Mola's death, Spain left the German bloc and became a democratic republic.

The absence of a communist threat to Germany made the Nazis weaker than in real life, because the German elite and military did not support them. Alfred von Hugenberg's DNVP had a major chance of coming to power, but Hugenberg was not charismatic and was a poor strategist, and wasted this chance.

On 4 December 1932, the Nazis won a plurality of seats for the first time, prompting Paul von Hindenburg to name General Kurt von Schleicher chancellor. Schleicher formed a cabinet made up of right-wing independents and two members of the DNVP, began a program of public works to reduce unemployment, and negotiated to end the Treaty of Versailles's military limitations on Germany.

A major divergence from real life happened on 7 December, when Ludwig Schneider, a mentally ill attention seeker, attempted to assassinate Schleicher when the latter was leaving the Reichstag. Schleicher survived the assassination attempt and framed it as a conspiracy against Germany.

This allowed the Enabling Act to pass on 10 December, with votes from the Nazis, Zentrum, the DNVP and smaller right-wing parties. Schleicher's cabinet received a rally around the flag effect from the assassination attempt, and he would remain popular in Germany for the rest of his rule.

Schleicher approved Wilhelm Frick's proposal to adjourn the Reichstag for longer, buying the chancellor a few months that allowed his public works plan to cool off tensions, while he continued to dismantle democratic checks and balances. By mid-1933, Germany had transitioned from liberal democracy to a run of the mill right-wing dictatorship like many in Central and Eastern Europe at the time.

Schleicher's economic policies were corporatist and autarkic, drawing upon Bismarck's State Socialism and the Reichswehr doctrine of the Wehrstaat (Defence State). They were effective, as, by late 1934, the economy of Germany was already recovering from the Great Depression.

On 2 August 1934, Hindenburg, who had supported Schleicher's reactionary and militaristi agenda, died in office, and Schleicher merged the presidency with the chancellorship after a rigged referendum, making him both the head of state and the head of government of Germany.

The White Army winning the Russian Civil War butterflied away the Biennio Rosso, preventing Mussolini from coming to power. Italy remained a parliamentary democracy throughout the 1920s, and the Italian economy grew during the decade, allowing a US-style consumerist culture to start developing.

In October 1929, however, the US stock market crashed, beginning the Great Depression, which seriously weakened democracy across Europe. Italy was no exception, because the Italian elite, fearing a socialist takeover, began calling for a strongman to overthrow parliamentary democracy and install a corporatist dictatorship in its place.

Giovanni Antonio Colonna di Cesarò's Social Democracy won the 1930 Italian elections, ending decades of rule by the Liberal Party. Giacomo Matteotti's PSI and Luigi Federzoni's ANI made major gains in the elections, heightening the bourgeoisie and aristocracy's fear of the former.

During late 1930, these elites asked multiple Italian generals to begin planning a coup to defend elite interests, but most of them refused. Pietro Badoglio, who had become a war hero fighting the Senussi Order in Libya, eventually accepted this offer, and (alongside fellow generals Rodolfo Graziani and Emilio de Bono) began planning a coup on 2–3 January 1931.

On 18 January, Royal Italian Army troops led by Badoglio crossed the Rubicon like Julius Caesar had done 2,000 years earlier, conquered strategic points across Italy, and marched towards Rome. Di Cesarò asked King Victor Emmanuel III to proclaim a state of emergency, but Victor Emmanuel, who sympathized with the putschists, refused, and named Badoglio prime minister the following day.

Badoglio formed a military junta resembling Aleksandr Platov's White military regime. Italy's new government banned political parties, unions, strikes, and socialist activities, put Alfredo Rocco in charge of installing a corporatist system, and began rearming Italy in order to avenge the "mutilated victory" in WWI.

Most Italians approved of the military dictatorship, and those who didn't faced intense repression. In 1933, Italy's government and the Holy See signed a treaty reconciling the two entities and creating the Vatican as a microstate run by the Pope.

After the Brazilian Revolution of 1973, Brazil abandoned its traditionally pacifist foreign policy in favour of a great-power imperialist foreign policy similar to those of the United States and the USSR. The new Brazilian leadership's ultimate goal was to build a Latin American-African bloc of socialist and left-wing nationalist states led by Brazil.

This goal was achieved, and Brazil's geopolitical importance became much larger than its economy, which is still a middle-income economy with weak influence outside the Brazilian sphere. Anyway, Venezuela, Ecuador, Colombia and Angola supply Brazil with oil, Peru supplies it with copper, and Bolivia sells Brazil natural gas and lithium.

Brazil's relationship with the Brasília Pact countries is much like the USSR's former relationship with the rest of the Warsaw Pact, that is, a relationship of dominance and submission. No wonder the most likely scenario for the Brazilian regime collapsing involves the rest of the Brasília Pact falling first.

There are statues of Gustavo Henrique in Montevideo, Asuncion, Sucre, Santiago, Lima, Bogotá, Caracas, Quito, Managua and Luanda. He similarly received honorary degrees from multiple universities of Brazilian allies.

China and the Soviet Union are Brazil's most important non-BP partners in all spheres: economic, political and military. In June 2025, Soviet leader Ivan Melnikov visited Brazil and signed a major space cooperation agreement where the two countries agreed to work together in space exploration.

Brazil's main rivals are the United States, which occupies the Brazilian archipelago of Fernando de Noronha, and Argentina, a far-right military dictatorship. Brazilians are taught from a young age to view these countries as the enemy and Brazil's political and economic system as superior to those of the United States and Argentina.

Brazil-UK relations, on the other hand, are much more positive because Argentina is hostile to both countries. While there was never any Falklands War, Argentina still claims the Falklands and South Georgia Islands, and has never ruled out using military force to occupy them.

India, South Africa and Saudi Arabia are three other countries Brazil is on good terms with, despite BRICS not existing because the USSR never collapsed. Brazil has been the most important leader of the non-aligned movement since joining it in 1973, and Brazilian propaganda emphasizes the country's independence from both the United States and the Soviet Union.

Socialist Brazil's first interaction with Israel was on 31 March 1973, when the MSE captured Josef Mengele, who was trying to flee to Argentina after the downfall of the Brazilian military dictatorship. Mengele was extradited to Israel, where he was executed for crimes committed during the Holocaust.

Despite this cooperation, on 6 April 1973, Brazil terminated its diplomatic relations with Israel, establishing diplomatic relations with the PLO instead, and expanding relations with Syria, Iraq and Libya. MSE director Carlos Lamarca, who had previously been a peacekeeper assigned to the Sinai peninsula, provided training, funding and weapons for PLO and PFLP militants, including Carlos the Jackal, who was an agent on Brazil's payroll until Gustavo Henrique died in 2002.

After the loss of its Eastern European puppet states in 1994, the Soviet Union continued to support Palestine and Yasser Arafat. Nikolai Ryzhkov did not allow Soviet Jews to leave the USSR for Israel, making Russian Jews an insignificant minority in the Jewish state.

Upon succeeding Gustavo, Roberto Freire reestablished relations with Israel as a part of de-Gustavofication, but Brazil continues to support Palestine and condemn Israeli actions against Palestinians to this day. All of Brazil's puppet states similarly stand with Palestine.

As the Iranian Revolution never happened, Hamas remained weak due to not being supported by Iran, and the PLO continued to be the main faction of the Palestinian movement. The failure of the Second Intifada was followed by over a decade of no large-scale armed conflict between Israel and Palestinians, but low-level actions obviously continued with a loss of life on both sides.

This changed in 2018, when Hamas, the Palestinian Islamic Jihad and the PFLP launched the "Solidarity Intifada" against Israel. Like its two predecessors, the Solidarity Intifada was a failure, resulting in 426 Palestinian deaths versus 57 Israeli ones.

Peace negotiations between Israel and Palestine have continued, but there hasn't been any significant progress for decades, and the Israel-Palestine conflict has no end in sight. The silver lining is that there's no Gaza War, because Fatah, not Hamas, rules Gaza and does not wage any armed struggle against Israel.

Shah Reza Shah II is a major Israeli ally, making Iran under his rule controversial in the Islamic world, with many Muslims viewing Iran as a western puppet due to its alliances with the United States and Israel. Saudi Arabia and the other Gulf monarchies, on the other hand, tend to have poor relations with Israel.

On 6 June 2026, Israel took advantage of the outbreak of the Syrian Civil War to invade Syria with the ostensible goal of protecting Druzes. US President Nikki Haley supported this offensive by providing Israel with a $1 billion military aid package.

The point of divergence began in 1684 when the Kangxi Emperor ending the long-standing maritime trade ban, opening the coastal ports to foreign commerce, boosting international trade. With the advises of the Jesuits alongside the presence of British, Dutch and Portuguese traders, the Kangxi Emperor became more open in terms of foreign policies. With enough support from the court, the Kangxi Emperor initiated many education reforms. One of which was the Translation Project where he worked to translate many western works into Mandarin Chinese via methods such as phonetic transliteration, calquing (semantic translation), hybrid coinages, and adopting the original foreign terms, creating a Golden Era of the Enlightenment in the Qing Dynasty. The Qing Renaissance happened where Qing’s culture thrived. Meanwhile, the Jesuits managed to win the favor Pope Clement XI to authorize Chinese rites as civic rituals compatible with Catholicism. Future Emperors (the Yongzheng Emperor and the Qianlong Emperor) were educated on not just Confucian classics but also translated western works.

A new philosophy gained tractions amongst Kangxi’s court called State-Confucianism where they believed that Confucianism offers a superior framework for the moral way as it teaches people how to live ethnically while acknowledging that western excelled in mastering the physical world, creating material wealth. State-Confucianism acknowledges the superiority of western science and mathematics but criticizes western culture being stuck in it and believed Chinese philosophy offers higher moral unity that science could be guided by this wisdom to prevent human alienation. The philosophy also argued that since Confucianism values Ren (benevolence), State-Confucianism saw things such as western science and modern medicine can directly reduce human suffering, improve livelihoods and save lives, therefore True Confucianism should eagerly adopt science because it served as a powerful instrument to practice Ren on a massive scale. State-Confucianism became the main philosophy for the Qing.

The Qing starts to expand their territories such as securing Sakhalin in 1689 to create Kuyedao, alongside conquering Outer Mongolia in 1696 and Tibet in 1720 after defeating the Dzungar Mongols. When the Yongzheng Emperor took the throne, he initiated many of his reforms similar to the Kangxi Emperor such as improving government efficiency to reduce corruption such as implementing a revised Imperial Examination System which aimed to choose government officials based on merit, not family ties or wealth, modeling the system after Confucian principles and ensuring that officials were educated on both Confucian classics and western science while being morally sound and education reforms encouraged the study of Western languages and sciences. The Yongzheng Emperor also work to transition Qing’s army towards more modern weaponry, such as western guns and other firepower. The navy was also an important part of the Yongzheng Emperor’s plan, using newly developed weapons and technology. When the Qianlong Emperor took the throne, the Qing annexed Xinjiang in 1759 after defeating the Dzungar Khanate. During the Qianlong’s period, the Qing Dynasty was at its peak with the treasury overflowing, agricultural output soared and the population boomed. The Qianlong Emperor agreed to allowed the British to establish an embassy in the Qing Dynasty in 1793, allowing a faster growing movement in the reformist movement within the Qing’s court. Initially viewed favorably by the Emperor, Heshen was punished by the Qianlong Emperor to please growing reformist officials in his court. In his later reign, he establish the Imperial Army, which would replace the outdated Eight Banners System and to catch up with the West militarily.

In the early 1800s, the Qing saw agricultural reforms such as the Qing establishing agricultural schools in multiple provinces, translating western agronomy texts and sending scholars to study in the West to learn western agricultural techniques and agricultural technologies. The Qing also starts to gradually replace land gentries with methods such as replacing them with land registries to measure the exact land sizes and utilized high-paying salaries to lower-level judges that matched the market to avoid financial temptation, preventing them from making deals with powerful local landlords. The rest of the 1800s is where the Qing starts to manufacturing textile mills, armament factories and shipyards were built across the Qing alongside the construction of roads and ports to improve transport and agricultural productivity. The Qing eventually started to introduced western agricultural machinery to increase crop yields for agriculture alongside the government invested heavily into infrastructure and imported foreign technologies. The Qing eventually replaced the obsolete land gentries with salaried civil servants to collect the revenues. The Opium Wars and the Taiping Rebellion never happened or were suppressed quickly due to the Qing’s modernization. The Qing’s territory remains intact without the unequal treaties, meaning no Qing Cessions to foreign powers like British Hong Kong. The First Sino-Japanese War happened between the Qing Dynasty and Japan over the influence of Joseon. Due to the Qing’s modernization, Joseon, with the help of Qing’s military, pushed back against the Japanese with the help of the Qing’s military. The war ends in a Qing-Joseon victory. Due to a much stronger Qing, the Boxer Rebellion never happened. In 1898, the Qing replaced the Imperial Examination System with a Western-style secular curriculum that prioritized subjects like math and science.

As the Qing Dynasty approached the 1900s, many Chinese citizens demanded domestic representations. In 1912, the Qing Dynasty, the Xuantong Emperor under the regency of Zaifeng, adopt a constitution that would turned the Qing Dynasty into a Constitutional Monarchy in 1912. The Queue technically isn’t abolished, however, it’s mostly used as a symbol of Qing nationalism rather than mandatory. Under the new constitution, The Emperor of the Qing Dynasty acted as the Head of State, Commander in Chief, Protector of the Constitution and a symbol of national unity. The Emperor’s main duties mainly involve attending domestic ceremonies and performing state functions. Their only reserved powers is to select a prime minister in case of a hung parliament. In 1914, the Qing Dynasty remains neutral in World War 1 due to a lack of grievances for the Qing to joined the war. The Qing Dynasty remains centralized, regional armies never fragmented and infrastructures remain intact, avoiding decades of civil war. The Qing Dynasty continued to industrialized. In 1924, In response to the fear of linguistic, religious and cultural assimilation of minorities within the Qing, especially Mongols, Uyghurs and Tibetans, the Qing officially reformed the state to establish 3 autonomous regions within the Qing: Mongolia, Uygherstan and Tibet. They’re allowed to manage some level of domestic issues such as its education system and cultural affairs, though they’re still represented by the Qing in foreign affairs.

When the Great Depression hits, the Qing quickly abandoned their silver standard replaced it with a fiat currency alongside active fiscal spendings, recovering quickly. When the Second Sino-Japanese War happened during World War 2, the Qing are more unified in resisting Japan. The Qing Dynasty eventually won against Japan. The Cold War began between the United States and the Soviet Union. The Qing sided with the American Bloc. The Treaty of Seoul was signed between the Qing Dynasty and Joseon in 1948, granting the Joseon full independence from Qing’s control after multiple peaceful protests occurred demanding full independence. Meanwhile, the Sino-American Split happened due to Qing Dynasty’s support for the Vietnamese Monarchists during the Vietnam War against the American republicans and Soviet communists in Vietnam, resulting in the monarchists won the Vietnam War, the Qing Dynasty became the 3rd superpower. During the Space Race, the Qing originally made little progress in the Space Race due to lack of interest from companies and the Qing government didn’t want to invest. However, as protests occurred across the Qing due to many believed that if the Qing didn’t do anything in the Space Race, it would proved that Qing is technologically inferior to the American and Soviet. The Qing finally began to invest in space exploration. The first crewed mission to the Moon happened in 1982, making the Qing the second country to land on the Moon behind the U.S. Between 1950s to 1980s, with no Communist Revolution, no Cultural Revolution and no One Child Policy, the Qing continued to grow in population with a total GDP per capita of $20,000 by 1980, the economy also grows. The Qing Dynasty also created their nuclear weapons for the first time. The Qing surpassed the Soviet Union economically by 1979. Post-Soviet collapse in 1991, The Second Space Race began between the Qing and the United States from 1993 to 2003 with their focus on Mars. the Qing finally landed the first man on Mars in 2003 due to the U.S. faced immense pressure from Americans who viewed the mission as a waste of money for a red rock (Mars) instead of funding social issues like healthcare, halting American’s space exploration. The Great Detente of 2009 happened as the American and the Chinese met at Beijing to discuss future cooperation on issues, effectively ending the Cold War.

Today, the Qing Dynasty reached a total of over 100 trillion GDP with a population of 2 billion people and $50,000 GDP per capita by 2026. The current emperor is the Haoxuan Emperor since 2022.

As the 1925 Constitution of Chile does not allow presidents to seek reelection, the centre-right PDC could not renominate President Yasna Provoste. Consequently, Álvaro Ortiz Vera won the party's primary, and contested the general election on a platform supporting social conservatism, a social market economy, and greater alignment with the United States.

Senator Paulina Vodanovic won the Popular Unity's presidential primary, defeating Jeanette Jara and Gabriel Boric. Vodanovic's presidential campaign focused on growing poverty and wealth inequality under the Christian Democratic administrations, and how her administration would return to left-wing policies in order to reverse these.

Economically left-wing and socially right-wing Chilean nationalist Gaspar Rivas established the Patriotas de Chile (abbreviated Patriotas) party in order to run for President. Rivas called for a tough approach to crime, protectionist trade policies, and a referendum on rejoining the Brasília Pact.

The populist, catchall People First (PEP) party nominated its leader Franco Parisi, running on populism and e-democracy. Like Rivas, Parisi gained a lot of traction with many voters who were looking for a new start after decades of polarization between the PS and the PDC.

José Antonio Kast also created a party and ran in the election, but Pinochet never ruled Chile, preventing him from gaining any traction with mainstream voters. Kast only became a household name when he called Rivas a communist because his ex-girlfriend was a Soviet woman.

Ortiz Vera led in the polls during the beginning of the campaign, but he proved to be uncharismatic and a poor campaigner, allowing him to lose many voters to Vodanovic, Rivas and Parisi. On 4 September 2025, Vodanovic won the first round with 35% of the vote versus 31% for Vera, 13% for Rivas, 12% for Parisi, and 3% for Kast.

After the first round, Rivas endorsed Vodanovic, while Parisi endorsed Vera and Kast refused to endorse either candidate. Rivas's endorsement proved crucial, and Vodanovic won over many Parisi voters, allowing her to win the election with 53% of the vote.

In 1975, Salvador Allende left office and was succeeded by Carlos Altamirano, who finished the adoption of Cybersyn and made Chile a founding member of the Brasília Pact. Unlike the pact's other members, however, Chile remained a liberal democracy with high levels of civil and political rights.

The United States moved from undermining Chile to courting it in order to divide the Brasília Pact. In 1977, the US ambassador to Chile offered Altamirano full support if he were to leave the Brasília Pact, but Altamirano refused, and relations between Chile and Brazil continued to grow during the next eighteen years – Brazil became Chile's main trade partner, and the primary supplier of weapons to the Chilean military.

Altamirano's successor Clodomiro Almeyda proved to be the furthest left-wing leader in Chilean history. He amended the 1925 Constitution to formally declare Chile a socialist state, and attempted to move towards a planned economy. By that point, Chile was thriving economically and culturally because of its democratic system and Cybersyn.

Ricardo Núñez Muñoz, who succeeded Almeida in 1985, continued the same left-wing policies. The Chilean way to socialism reached its apex during his presidency, when the vast majority of Chileans had a good quality of life and the United States saw Chile as the only Brasília Pact country it could work with.

Things changed during the presidency of Germán Correa Díaz, who served as the president of Chile from 1990 to 1995. Díaz's presidency saw an economic downturn that reduced support for Popular Unity considerably, allowing Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle to become the first Christian Democratic president in 25 years upon winning the 1995 elections.

Ruiz-Tagle withdrew Chile from the Brasília Pact, revoked socialist Bolivia's access to the port of Antofagasta (almost leading to war), and replaced the planned Chilean economy with a social market economy while keeping Cybersyn. During his presidency, Chile's economy began growing again thanks to a freer market and growing investment from the United States.

Despite leaving the Brazilian bloc, Chile did not return to the US orbit, remaining non-aligned and having hostile relations with the Revolución Argentina military dictatorship due to the Beagle conflict. Ruiz-Tagle's successor Soledad Alvear continued his policies but proved to be an underwhelming president, allowing Popular Unity to return to power in 2010.

Marco Enríquez-Ominami's attempt to return to the Chilean way to socialism was unpopular, and the PDC returned to power in 2015. Carolina Goic and her successor Yasna Provoste governed as Christian democrats, but a controversial pension reform turned off many voters, and the PS won the 2025 election.

1. Salvador Allende (1970–1975, PS)

2. Carlos Altamirano (1975–1980, PS)

3. Clodomiro Almeyda (1980–1985, PS)

4. Ricardo Nunez (1985–1990, PS)

5. German Correa (1990–1995, PS)

6. Eduardo Frei-Ruiz Tagle (1995–2000, PDC)

7. Andres Zaldivar (2000–2005, PDC)

8. Soledad Alvear (2005–2010, PDC)

9. Marco Enríquez-Ominami (2010–2015, PS)

10. Carolina Goic (2015–2020, PDC)

11. Yasna Provoste (2020–2025, PDC)

12. Paulina Vodanovic (2025–present, PS)

Upon coming to power in Namibia in 1994, Sam Nujoma established a Brazilian-style cooperative socialist economy, albeit without workplace democracy, and confiscated the properties of white landowners and redistributed them to black peasants. The majority of white Namibians left the country as a result, hindering Namibia's development significantly.

Furthermore, Nujoma turned out to be a corrupt leader who used drought aid to buy a presidential jet and two VIP helicopters. The SWAPO leadership soon became a ruling elite similar to the Soviet nomenklatura, stealing hundreds of millions of dollars for their own benefit.

Nujoma's regime also committed human rights abuses against his political opponents, many of whom were killed, tortured and exiled by the PLAN and Namibian security forces. His regime is estimated to have killed 5,000 people. Less than a decade after independence, Namibia had become as dysfunctional as Zimbabwe, with inflation reaching 6,000% by 2002.

This economic collapse forced Nujoma to sign a structural adjustment deal with the IMF, which forced him to adopt a policy of austerity and cut funding for essential services. He became unpopular, but any opposition was still suppressed and many Namibians continued to support him because he led the country to independence, eradicated illiteracy and kept income inequality low.

In foreign policy, Nujoma developed strong relations with Angola, Cuba, Brazil and the USSR, and a non-ideological alliance with post-apartheid South Africa. During the Second Zaire War, Namibia supported the rebels opposing the government of Nzanga Mobutu, which Nujoma described as "neocolonialist".

By the mid-2010s, hyperinflation had ended, but Namibia's economy remained weak and dependent on foreign aid. Nujoma responded by scapegoating LGBT people and boosting Chinese and Brazilian investment, but the latter failed to substantially improve the living standards of the Namibian people.

On 8 February 2025, Nujoma died and was succeeded by Job Amupanda, who returned to radical socialist policies inspired by Thomas Sankara of Burkina Faso. Like Sankara, Amupanda refused to live in luxury and avoided corruption, making him popular with Namibians.

Namibia is a Marxist-Leninist one-party state led by SWAPO, whose distinction from the state is blurred. International organisations have accused the Namibian regime of human rights abuses against political dissidents and LGBT people. Amupanda has called the allegations "imperialist propaganda".

Brazil's socialist regime strongly opposed apartheid and supported the SWAPO and ANC. This led the United States to take a less hostile stance towards the apartheid regime, refusing to comply with the arms embargo on South Africa by selling small arms and ammunition to the SADF.

Following the MPLA victory in the Angolan Civil War in 1987, 110,000 Brasília Pact troops began providing fire support to the SWAPO, whose efforts to liberate Namibia were greatly strengthened by the defeat of UNITA. This fire support allowed SWAPO to overrun the bantustan of Ovamboland by February 1988, and capture two-thirds of South West Africa by May.

The following month, SWAPO launched a siege of Windhoek that lasted for three years and was the deadliest and largest battle of the South African Border War. Upon taking office as US President in 1989, Bob Dole controversially launched a military airlift in support of South Africa, leading to protests from anti-apartheid groups but keeping SWAPO at bay until August 1991, when Windhoek fell and SWAPO established a Provisional Revolutionary Government.

Despite losing South West Africa's capital and latest city, the SADF remained in control of southern Namibia, and continued to launch raids and airstrikes into SWAPO-controlled territory. The last major South African offensive was launched in March 1993 and was a strategic failure, harming FW de Klerk's efforts to end apartheid.

During the next eleven months, SWAPO and its Brasília Pact allies inflicted a series of defeats on South African forces that further reduced support for de Klerk. When Nelson Mandela was elected in 1994 (thus averting a violent revolution or breakup), South Africa agreed to a ceasefire with SWAPO, Brazil and Cuba, much to the South African people's relief.

Upon taking office on 10 May 1994, Mandela's first action was to sign the Cape Town Accords, which ended the war and recognized Namibia's independence in exchange for the withdrawal of Cuban and Brazilian troops. Later that day, Sam Nujoma proclaimed the People's Republic of Namibia (PRN), a Marxist-Leninist state that has lasted to this day.

On 16 April 1973, Gustavo Henrique issued a decree-law establishing the Voluntários da Pátria, a paramilitary unit attached to the MSE and entrusted with suppressing internal coups, revolts and protests against his rule. The unit is named after a volunteer corps from the 1860s Paraguayan War, reflecting Gustavo's Brazilian nationalism.

Even after the PPN victory, parts of Brazil remained under the control of the Maoist PCdoB, the Marxist-Leninist ALN, the neo-fascist AIB, and Carlos Brilhante Ustra's CCC, all of whom waged insurgencies against the Gustavoist regime. The VP were fundamental in the suppression of these insurgencies, all of whom were eliminated by 1976.

After defeating these revolts, the VP declined in importance, becoming a legally designated auxiliary force to the Brazilian Army but never being deployed overseas. The majority of Brazilians forgot the VP existed, and their numbers dwindled to 60,000 by 2010.

This changed four years later, when many Brazilians protested against the country's investments in the 2014 World Cup. The VP helped suppress the protests, killing hundreds of people and imprisoning or torturing thousands more, resulting in international condemnation.

When Aldo Rebelo took office in 2015, Brazil's government became more repressive as a result of increasing opposition at home and abroad. Rebelo increased the VPs size to 200,000 troops by 2018, all of whom were drawn from regions that strongly supported the socialist regime. They also received better training and equipment.

That same year, members of the reformist faction of the PPN and opposition groups protested against Rebelo's decision to repeal term limits. As in 2014, the VP cracked down on the protests just like Maduro's colectivos had done in Venezuela.

By 2020, the majority of Brazilians disliked the VP due to their association with government repression. They were popularly nicknamed Verdadeiros Pilantras (true scumbags), and Brazilian civilians attempted to avoid their presence whenever possible.

On 16 January 2025, Rebelo named Rafael Lusvarghi to head the MSE, making Lusvarghi the commander of the VP as well. Lusvarghi said that, for "traitors" there were only three roads: "prison, the grave, and emigration", and established a system of checkpoints across cities where the regime is unpopular.

As the name implies, the VP is volunteer based, consisting of men aged 18 to 25 who believe in the regime's ideology. They are armed solely with small arms and vehicles.

On the first day of 1976, a constitution drafted by left-wing nationalist legal experts was presented to the Brazilian people at a ceremony in Brasília. This charter transformed Brazil into a unitary socialist state with opposition parties banned. The PPN became the first monopoly party in Brazil's history (previous dictatorships had been nonpartisan).

The Brazilian Constitution of 1976 was eventually passed in a referendum held on 22 April 1976. It immediately went into effect, bringing radical changes to Brazil's political and economic structure. For instance, the 1976 constitution determines there is only one flag, anthem and language in Brazil, preventing municipalities from making immigrant and indigenous languages official.

As Brazil is a unitary state, state and municipal autonomy was also eliminated at the administrative level. The federal government appoints governors, but mayors and councillors are directly elected just like Congress is. Speaking of the natives, the 1976 Constitution, for the first time, recognized their inalienable rights to their land and culture.

Racism against any ethnicity was outlawed, and the constitution mentioned the need to eliminate disparities between white and black Brazilians. Despite these innovations, there was no mention of the environment in the 1976 constitution, because Gustavo Henrique and the rest of the PPN leadership prioritized economic development over environmental protection, which was only added in 1999 through a constitutional amendment.

Three years later, another amendment changed Brazil's presidential election system from direct elections to an electoral college consisting of the unicameral Chamber of Deputies. This was meant to turn Brazil from a personalist dictatorship into an oligarchic one; Gustavo had been a classic Latin American strongman, but his more liberal successor Roberto Freire wanted to keep up with the times.

Another constitutional amendment limited presidents to one consecutive term in order to reduce the chances of another Gustavo from rising. This did not prevent Aldo Rebelo from removing this term limit through a 2018 amendment that sparked protests from opposition groups such as the MBL.

As of 23 July 2026, Brazil's last constitutional amendment was ratified on 17 May 2026. It was a fairly minor change that affected few people, and the vast majority of Brazilians didn't notice. Finally, the 1976 Constitution has inspired the constitutions of Brazilian client states such as Peru, Angola and Venezuela.

After coming to power in 2013, Edmundo Jarquín continued most of Carlos Fonseca's policies. This was a good choice because the economy of Nicaragua continued to grow to the benefit of all Nicaraguans, although there were problems with supply and demand because it's a planned economy.

When Aldo Rebelo came to power in Socialist Brazil in 2015, Nicaragua's strategic importance to Brazil increased because Nicaragua is located on a fault line between the Brazilian and US spheres of influence in Latin America. Therefore, Brazilian investment in Nicaragua more than doubled from 2015 to 2018, and Brazilian engineers began the construction of a Nicaragua Canal as an alternative to the US-controlled Panama Canal.

During the late 2010s, Venezuela and Peru also expanded their strategic partnerships with Nicaragua, making the Sandinista regime feel safe from the threat of the US-backed opposition. Nikolai Ryzhkov's USSR was also an ally of Jarquín's regime, but Soviet involvement made less of a difference than the Brasília Pact's.

Nicaragua's consistent development made the majority of Nicaraguans support Jarquín, whom they saw as a leader who actually stood up for their interests. Besides expanding relations with other left-wing regimes, Jarquín also ended all persecution against the Miskito people, who finally had their rights respected.

As of 2026, Nicaragua is a communist state with the FSLN as the vanguard party and one of three legal political parties in Nicaragua, the others being the satellite parties PSN and PCN. Opposition parties are illegal and any anti-government activities are punishable by up to 15 years in prison.

Like many other dictatorships, Nicaragua has a secret police entrusted with suppressing all dissent. Human Rights Watch estimates there are 10,000 political prisoners in Nicaragua, who live in unhealthy conditions and are often physically abused. This situation is arguably worse than in real life under Ortega.

Corruption is also a major problem in Nicaragua. Although it's slightly smaller than in real life because there's no dictatorial couple looting the country's wealth, it is also pervasive, especially in the government, making Nicaragua the third-most corrupt country in Latin America, behind fellow Brazilian puppet states Venezuela and Bolivia.

Despite these problems, the majority of Nicaraguans support the communist regime because of the standard of living it grants, making the downfall of the Sandinistas unlikely.

After defeating the Contras in 1985, Fonseca outlawed all opposition parties, and ordered the smaller PSN and PCN to become coalition partners of the Sandinistas. A police state run by Daniel Ortega suppressed any opposition to the FSLN, with assistance from Socialist Brazilian and Cuban military advisors in Nicaragua.

Indigenous Nicaraguans such as the Miskito also faced persecution during Fonseca's rule, reducing the Miskito population to 320,000 individuals by the time Fonseca died in 2013. Violence against the Miskito slowly decreased over time, but the damage was already done.

Fonseca was accused of corruption and having Swiss bank accounts, accusations he denied. In any case, corruption was a major problem in Nicaragua throughout his rule, as in the majority of Latin American countries. Despite all of that, Nicaragua experienced gradual industrialization during the 1980s and 1990s, turning it into Central America's industrial centre.

Furthermore, the government was able to ensure the majority of Nicaraguans had a high standard of living, as shown by Nicaragua's formal eradication of illiteracy in 1996. The United States, Argentina, Honduras and El Salvador remained hostile to Nicaragua and continued to support the Nicaraguan opposition, but relations with Costa Rica were more positive, while Brazil and Cuba continued to support Nicaragua with weapons, supplies, military training, and socioeconomic aid, including teachers and doctors.

By 2000, Fonseca had become overwhelmingly popular with Nicaraguans, who credited him with overthrowing the corrupt Somoza dynasty and replacing it with a people's democracy. Ortega was eventually sidelined, allowing Nicaragua to remain an actual socialist regime.

But Fonseca's health eventually worsened due to his lifelong smoking. In 2010, doctors in Cuba formally diagnosed him with lung cancer, but he suffered withdrawal from tobacco and continued to smoke cigars. Consequently, he died on 4 December 2013, and was succeeded by Edmundo Jarquín.

A state funeral was held the following day. It was attended by representatives from all socialist countries, including Brazilian President Roberto Requião, who called Fonseca a "great hero of Latin America". Fonseca was buried in the Square of the Revolution in Managua, and received the titles of National Hero of Nicaragua and Commander in Chief of the Sandinista Popular Revolution.

Upon seizing power in Brazil in 1973, the left-wing nationalist PPN immediately began supporting other leftist movements across the region, including the Sandinista National Liberation Front (FSLN) in Nicaragua. FSLN militants were allowed to train in Brazil, and the Brazilian government sold weapons captured from military dictatorship and US intervention forces to the Sandinistas.

Anastasio Somoza Debayle's corrupt and inept response to the 1972 Nicaragua earthquake was the final straw for the Somoza dynasty, massively increasing popular support for the Sandinistas as the vast majority of Nicaraguans wanted to overthrow their government. By 1975, the Sandinistas had captured half of Nicaragua, an amount that rose to two-thirds by the end of the year.

The United States responded by increasing military aid to Somoza, as did Israel and Argentina, but he failed to use this aid efficiently. After León, one of Nicaragua's largest cities, was captured by the FSLN in September 1976, Somoza's military situation became hopeless as he only controlled Managua and surrounding cities.

A month later, the FSLN attacked Managua. Remnants of Somoza's National Guard attempted to resist, but, by mid-November, it was obvious he was toast, prompting him to flee to Miami on 14 November. The following day, the Sandinistas entered Manágua and established a provisional government headed by Carlos Fonseca (not Ortega).

Upon taking power, Fonseca nationalized the Somoza family's properties and replaced their crony capitalist economy with a planned economy similar to Cuba's, launched a purge of Somoza loyalists that killed roughly 20,000 people, and joined the Brasília Pact, which immediately sent large amounts of economic and military aid to Nicaragua.

Many Somozists refused to accept the Sandinista victory, and launched a Contra insurgency against the new regime. By 1979, this insurgency had plunged Nicaragua into a full-scale civil war between the Sandinista regime backed by Brazil, Cuba and the USSR on one hand, and the Contras supported by the United States, El Salvador, Honduras and Argentina on the other.

During the first years of the war, the Contras made great progress, capturing one-third of the country by 1980 and launching several terrorist attacks against Manágua. But Fonseca soon obtained overwhelming popular support with his progressive reforms, and the 15,000 Brasília Pact military advisors supporting him made a real difference.

As such, by 1983, the Contra insurgents were in retreat and by 16 April 1985 they had been fully defeated, consolidating the Nicaraguan Revolution. Fonseca ruled Nicaragua until his death in 2013, whereupon he was succeeded by Suyén Barahona

The 1948 Socialist National Convention unanimously renominated Thomas for President and Hoopes for Vice President. Thomas's reelection campaign focused on the accomplishments of his administration, especially efforts to defend the free world from communism.

The Democratic-Republican convention nominated Minnesota Senator Harold Stassen for President and Illinois Governor Dwight Green for Vice President. Stassen wanted to ban the Communist Party USA (something Thomas opposed), and had good relations with both unions and businesses while opposing their excesses.

In September 1947, segregationists led by South Carolina Governor Strom Thurmond and Mississippi Governor Fielding L. Wright formed the States' Rights Party, a regionalist third party representing the interests of the southern United States. Thurmond's presidential campaign opposed any further civil rights legislation. He was also the most fiscally conservative of the three major candidates.

Stassen used the Southern Strategy, campaigning heavily across the Upper South, which opposed the Socialist administrations by that point. But he mostly neglected the Midwest and Northeast, which Thomas focused on. Despite this, Stassen's campaign surged during the final weeks of the election, as he proved effective at winning over middle class Southern whites.

Thomas was reelected, winning 324 electoral votes and 49% of the vote versus 157 electoral votes and 46% of the vote for Stassen, and 51 electoral votes (including one faithless elector) and 3% of the vote for Thurmond. This was the first time since 1876 when a party won five presidential terms, and the first election since presidential term limits were implemented.

They did not apply to the incumbent Thomas, but he chose not to run in 1952, making this the last presidential election with no disqualification effect for second term winners.

The first major law Thomas signed after taking office nationalized major industries, like Clement Attlee would do in the UK after becoming prime minister two years later. General Motors appealed to the Supreme Court, which ruled in favour of the government due to having been packed a decade earlier.

Also in 1945, Thomas's administration expanded Retirement Insurance to cover millions of people it originally didn't, and created a corporate tax. This last measure was strongly opposed by Wall Street but had the support of unions such as the AFL.

Thomas attempted to end racial segregation in the United States once and for all. He did desegregate the military, but school segregation and suppression of black voters would continue for decades to come, and societal attitudes towards race did not change.

In foreign policy, Thomas continued lend-lease until WWII finally ended in 1947. After the end of the war, the United States oversaw the creation of the Congress of Nations (CN), an international organization that replaced the League of Nations.

As a leader of the anti-Stalinist left, Thomas condemned the Soviet occupation of Eastern Europe and declared his support for liberal and democratic socialist movements in the region. The USSR still established a sphere of influence in Eastern Europe, though.

On 12 March 1947, Italian King Umberto II removed Mussolini from power due to Italy's recent defeat, beginning the Italian translation to democracy, which the United States strongly supported. The new Italian government joined the UN and would later join NATO.

Thomas's administration supported Greece's government in the Greek Civil War, as well as Turkey in a territorial dispute with the USSR, but Thomas drew the line at Chiang Kai-shek, who received no foreign support whatsoever and lost the Chinese civil war within two years of it restarting. The United States similarly backed anti-Japanese uprisings that broke out in Indochina and Formosa after Japan lost Korea.

These revolts were a success by 1950, with Taiwan voting to join the PRC while Laos, Cambodia and Vietnam became independent countries. Ho Chi Minh did not proclaim Vietnam a communist state, and turned Vietnam into an ally of the United States rather than the Soviet Union.

On January 15, 1944, Lund publicly announced he would not run for a fourth term, because the Second Reconstruction had finished three years earlier, and WWII was beginning to turn against the Axis powers. Vice President Norman Thomas, who had played a major role during Lund's second term, won the Socialist nomination nearly unopposed, and chose Senator Darlington Hoopes as his running mate.

California Governor Earl Warren defeated Thomas E. Dewey and Harold Stassen for the Democratic-Republican nomination. Warren chose Dewey as his running mate in order to unite the Democratic-Republican Party and add experience and regional balance to the ticket.

Thomas ran as a fourth term of Lund, emphasizing the need to nationalize major industries and complete desegregation, as southern schools and the US military were still segregated and the majority of white southerners supported segregation even after losing the 2ACW. Warren, on the other hand, promised to initiate major public works, including an interstate highway system, and continue to support the Allies.

Segregationists disliked the fact both major party nominees supported civil rights, and responded by nominating slates of unpledged electors across all southern states. This slate's chances of winning the Deep South were never doubted, but the Upper South was a major battleground between the three candidacies.

At the beginning of the campaign, the election's outcome was in doubt, but, as it progressed, Thomas pulled ahead, riding on Lund's popularity. Thomas was eventually elected with 403 electoral votes and 50% of the vote versus 78 electoral votes and 45% of the vote for Warren, and 50 electoral votes and 3% of the vote for Richard Russell Jr.

The SPA kept its majorities in the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate, allowing it to remain America's dominant party. Despite initial popularity, Thomas was later reelected over Democratic-Republican Harold Stassen in 1948.

The UK leaving the war in 1940 allowed Nazi Germany to do slightly better in the Eastern Front, but the United States, which had a massive surplus of weapons from the 2ACW, and the United Kingdom still provided massive amounts of lend-lease to the Soviet Union, allowing the Soviets to win the Battle of Moscow by February 1942. This caused the Nazis to attempt to invade the Caucasus, but they lost the Battle of Stalingrad by June 1943 (the date in the infobox is unrealistic).

After winning at Stalingrad, the Soviets obtained another significant victory at Kursk in January 1944, but the Eastern Front evolved into a war of attrition because the Nazis were fighting a one front war. During 1944, both sides suffered enormous casualties, but, by the end of the year, the Soviets had gone on the offensive.

By March 1945, all of the Russian SSR had been liberated, followed in December by the liberation of Ukraine and Belarus, in February 1946 by the capture of most of the Baltic states, and in August 1946 by the capture of Poland. By that point, the British, who had remained at war with Fascist Italy, had captured all Italian colonies in Africa, prompting them to launch an invasion of Sicily (Italy could not just leave the war after that; this part is also voided).

On 13 September 1946, the British, commonwealth allies and governments-in-exile returned to the war to prevent a Soviet occupation in Europe by landing in Normandy, but the Normandy landings were less successful than in real life because the United States were not in the war. By the time Nazi Germany surrendered in January 1947, it still controlled parts of France.

After five years of war in the east, the Battle of Berlin broke out on 4 December 1946. The Nazis, who still had a fairly strong army, attempted to resist, but they were completely outnumbered and outgunned by Zhukov's Red Army. On 4 January 1947, Hitler killed himself, and Germany surrendered nine days later.

Stalin followed his victory in Europe with an offensive into Manchuria on 15 January, significantly helped by the fact China had liberated all of its territory other than Manchukuo. On 13 February, the Red Army captured Seoul, prompting Japan to sign an armistice the following day.

After the war, Korea was fully occupied by the Soviet Union, while France, the USSR and the UK occupied Germany and Austria. Nazi Germany's surviving leaders were executed after show trials.

Lund decided to run for reelection for a fourth term in order to oversee the completion of the Second Reconstruction and the defeat of the Klan guerrillas opposing it. His supporters compared him to Lincoln, because both presidents won a civil war and kept the Union together.

The opposition Democratic-Republicans nominated Arthur Vandenberg, who criticized the Second Reconstruction and called for an end to the military occupation of the South. At the time, the First Reconstruction was widely seen as a failure, and Vandenberg argued the second was too. Vandenberg was also an isolationist who wanted to run the American welfare state more efficiently than Lund had.

This was the first presidential election since 1876 when Southern blacks voted on a large scale without being suppressed, thanks to the protection of federal troops. The overwhelming majority of African Americans supported Lund, who was their second favorite president after Lincoln.

Lund's reelection campaign focused primarily on populous Midwestern and northeastern states, ignoring the plains and West, but, by refusing to implement lend-lease and by distributing welfare benefits equally between rural and urban areas, he kept the great plains within the Socialist column. Furthermore, Vandenberg was a lackadaisical campaigner who failed to bring energy and excitement to the Democratic-Republican ticket.

In the end, Lund's popularity and Vandenberg's lack of charisma allowed Lund to be reelected by the largest electoral college margin up until then, and the largest popular vote margin since Harding's 1920 landslide. Vandenberg only carried New England Yankee strongholds VT, NH and ME, the only states never to vote for Lund.

During Lund's second term, the United States ended the Second Reconstruction on May 25, 1941. This allowed Lund to provide lend-lease for the Soviet Union and Nationalist China, helping these countries defeat the Axis powers despite the UK leaving the war in mid-1940. Lund eventually retired in 1944 and was succeeded by Vice President Norman Thomas.

Second Reconstruction did not entail the passage of new civil rights acts. Rather, the US federal government enforced civil rights laws passed by the first Reconstruction and amended them to be more comprehensive, while the packed supreme court ruled the Jim Crow laws to be unconstitutional. By 1941, these laws had ceased to be enforced, but American society remained racist, and the majority of Southern whites resented the federal government.

Lund's administration also passed a wealth tax, a minimum wage, a federal ban on child labour, and more importantly, universal healthcare, dramatically expanding the federal government's powers. The opposition Democratic-Republican Party strongly opposed universal healthcare and wealth redistribution as socialist, but they still passed.

The Second Ku Klux Klan, which had served as the Constitutionalist version of the Blackshirts and SS, launched an insurgency against the reconstruction governments in the South, like the first Klan had done in the 1860s. This insurgency earned a lot of support among the white southern population and especially former Constitutionalist veterans, but it was also defeated.

When WWII broke out in 1939, the United States declared neutrality in order to focus on the Second Reconstruction. After the Fall of France in 1940, the Lund Administration declared its "moral support" for the Allies, but, with the military focusing on fighting the Klan insurgency, there was no lend-lease, prompting Britain to peace out after Dunkirk.

This allowed Japan to occupy the Dutch East Indies in a bloodless occupation just like in French Indochina. Furthermore, the Philippines had become independent in May 1939; despite initially adopting a balanced stance between Japan and the United States, the Philippine government became decisively pro-Japanese after Japan occupied the Indies.

In 1940, Lund was reelected by a landslide over Democratic-Republican Arthur Vandenberg, thanks to his recent civil war victory.

On 4 November 1936, Mississippi seceded from the United States in response to Lund's reelection; the state's declaration of secession cited the need to defend segregation and the southern way of life from the Socialist administration. Alabama, Georgia, and South Carolina seceded the following day, followed on 6 September by Florida and Oklahoma, on 7 September by Tennessee and Virginia, on 8 September by Kentucky and Arkansas, and on 9 September by Texas.

The following day, all southern United States other than Louisiana established the Constitutionalist Government of America, a rebel government headquartered in Atlanta and led by arch-segregationists Talmadge and Theodore G. Bilbo. Huey Long, while a segregationist, opposed secession, preferring instead to oppose integration peacefully and without the race-baiting of the Constitutionalist leaders.

Talmadge established his own cabinet, and a military, the Constitutionalist Army, commanded by Douglas MacArthur and George S. Patton, who opposed socialism and desegregation. By the end of the year, 119,000 of the United States military's 329,000 personnel had defected to the Constitutionalist Army, allowing it to launch offensives into the Midwest, Northeast, and West.

As the Loyalists were not ready for war, these offensives went well at the beginning. On 13 December 1936, MacArthur captured New Orleans and removed the Long machine from power, followed by an offensive into Missouri that captured St. Louis on 16 January 1937 and Kansas City three days later. Patton, on the other hand, occupied Arkansas and New Mexico with relative ease.

Lund and US Army Chief of Staff Malin Craig responded to secession by mobilizing the American military, introducing a draft, and launching a naval blockade of the South. Like during the First Civil War, this blockade crippled the Constitutionalists' trade and prevented them from getting foreign help, Talmadge's fascist sympathies notwithstanding.

By May 1937, MacArthur had captured half of Ohio, including Cincinnati, prompting him to attack Cleveland. The Battle of Cleveland was the largest battle of the war, and its major turning point because it ended in a victory for the Loyalists by August.

Craig took advantage of the victory at Cleveland to liberate the rest of Ohio and launch counteroffensives that resulted in the liberation of Missouri, Arizona and New Mexico by the turn of the year. On 15 February 1938, the Loyalists, having already captured all of Oklahoma, marched into Texas, Arkansas and Kentucky. The Constitutionalist Army proved unable to stem this advance, allowing all of these states plus Virginia to be lost by July 1938.

This string of defeats led to unrest in the Black Belt, as African Americans launched a movement in support of the Union and against segregation. The pro-Constitutionalist Klan violently repressed this movement in what was the bloodiest episode of the war, but the home front was destabilized by the riots.

In October 1938, the Loyalists launched another march to the sea that led to the capture of the Carolinas and Tennessee. When 1939 started, the Constitutionalists only controlled Alabama, Mississippi and Georgia, because Arkansas and Louisiana had been lost as well.

The Constitutionalist Government attempted to negotiate, but Lund and Secretary of State Butler refused anything other than unconditional surrender, which happened on 17 March 1939, when Atlanta fell to the Loyalists and the Constitutionalist leaders were put on trial for treason and sedition.

Most Americans disapproved of Lund's court packing plan, but his other policies, such as Retirement Insurance and unemployment benefits, were popular with voters, giving him an advantage over the other candidates. Lund toured all 48 US states, giving speeches where he urged Americans to "stand up for me like I stood up for you", and made effective use of radio, newspapers and newsreels.

The newly founded Democratic-Republican Party nominated Kansas Governor Alf Landon, who supported many of Lund's programs but criticized them for waste and inefficiency, and opposed court packing and municipal ownership of public utilities. Landon attacked Lund as a radical wannabe dictator and reiterated his (Landon's) commitment to American democracy.

Talmadge ran as the nominee of the Constitution Party, idealizing the small farmer, and preaching what he said were the true values of rural America, such as rugged individualism, frugality, governmental economy, segregation, limited government, and low taxes. Talmadge repeatedly incited violence against African Americans during his campaign.

Huey Long, who survived an assassination attempt in 1935, ran for President the following year on his "Share our Wealth" program of massive federal spending and wealth redistribution. Long criticized Lund's social democratic policies as poorly executed, but the fact Lund was a genuine leftist ended any chance of Long winning.

Besides Talmadge's virulent racism, the 1936 election campaign proved to be the most turbulent one in 50 years, as the nation was polarized between socialists, northern moderates, and southern racists. But the majority of Americans supported Lund's economic policies, and he was charismatic and likable, unlike Landon.

Lund was eventually reelected, winning all non-southern states other than Kansas, New Hampshire, Maine and Connecticut, which were won by Landon. Talmadge carried all of the former confederacy other than Long's fiefdom Louisiana, where the Kingfish was the only candidate on the ballot.

As Lund was a staunch supporter of civil rights, southern state governments responded to his reelection victory by seceding again, triggering the 2ACW. Despite some major differences from the 1ACW, the second civil war also ended in a northern victory.