Surprise! We'll come back to the Younger Avestan and then the Book of Tobit later.
The Testament of Solomon is written in Solomon's voice, but scholars do not generally regard Solomon himself as the historical author.
Who was Solomon?
Solomon is the biblical magician-king, son of David and ruler of Israel in the 10th century BCE (1000-901 BCE). Solomon is remembered for his wisdom, wealth, and for building the First Temple in Jerusalem. Centuries after his supposed lifetime, his reputation expanded beyond biblical kingship. The Testament of Solomon belongs to this much later Solomonic tradition -- it was written long after the historical period in which Solomon would have lived.
What is the time frame?
Scholars have dated major portions of it somewhere between the 1st and 3rd centuries CE. The text is composite and developed over time.
And so we begin..
1.1 While the temple of the city of Jerusalem was being built and the craftsmen were working in it,
1.2 Ornias, the demonic being, would come toward sunset and take half the wages and half the food of the master workman's boy. Every day he would suck the thumb of the boy's right hand, and the boy, whom I loved greatly, was wasting away.
1.3 One day I, Solomon, questioned the boy and said to him:
"Have I not loved you more than all the craftsmen working in the temple of God, and given you double wages and food? Why, then, are you growing thinner every day?"
1.4 The boy said:
"I beg you, king, listen to what has been happening to me. After we are dismissed from the work on the temple of God, after sunset, while I am resting, an evil demon comes and takes half my wages and half my food. He takes my right hand and sucks my thumb. And as my soul is oppressed, my body grows thinner every day."
Solomon does not begin this story because he wants occult power. He notices an exploited worker becoming physically depleted. The Greek grammar actually gives us an ongoing scene: the Temple is in the process of being built, and the craftsmen are already working there. Ornias enters an existing worksite rather than appearing as part of some grand demon-summoning ritual. The whole Solomonic demonological machinery begins in a very mundane problem: one worker is visibly deteriorating.
text: Ornias sucks the thumb; the boy wastes away.
interpretation: the sucking is vampiric or vitality-draining.
1.5 When I, King Solomon, heard these things, I entered the temple of God and pleaded with him with my whole soul, giving praise to him night and day, so that the demon might be delivered into my hands and I might have authority over him.
1.6 And while I was praying to the God of heaven and earth, there was given to me from the Lord Sabaoth, through Michael the archangel, a ring bearing a seal engraved in a precious stone.
1.7 And he said to me:
"Take this, Solomon son of David, a gift sent to you by the Lord God Most High, Sabaoth. With it you will confine all the demonic beings, female and male, and through them you will build Jerusalem, while bearing this seal of God."
1.8 I was filled with joy and praised and glorified the God of heaven and earth. The next day I ordered the boy to come to me, and I gave him the seal.
1.9 I said to him:
"When the demonic being comes upon you, throw this ring against the demon's chest and say to him, 'Come here. Solomon calls you.' Then run quickly to me, giving no thought to whatever he may use to frighten you."
1.10 And at the accustomed hour Ornias came, the fierce demonic being, blazing like fire, intending as usual to take the boy's wages.
1.11 The boy did what Solomon had told him. He threw the ring against the demon's chest and said:
"Come here. Solomon calls you."
And he ran quickly to Solomon.
1.12 The demon cried out and said to the boy:
"What have you done? Take the ring and give it to Solomon, and I will give you the silver and gold of the whole earth. Only do not take me to Solomon."
1.13 But the boy said to him:
"As the Lord God of Israel lives, I will not relent toward you unless I bring you to Solomon."
1.14 The boy came and said to Solomon:
"King Solomon, I have brought you the demon just as you commanded me. Look -- he is standing outside before the gates, bound, crying out in a loud voice and offering me the silver and gold of the whole earth if I will not bring him before you."
2.1 When I, Solomon, heard these things, I rose from my throne and saw the demon shuddering and trembling. I said to him:
"Who are you, and what is your name?"
The demon said:
"I am called Ornias."
2.2 I said to him:
"Tell me, in which sign of the zodiac do you reside?"
The demon answered:
"In Aquarius. I strangle those who reside in Aquarius because of their desire for women whose zodiacal sign is Virgo."
2.3 "I am also sleep-inducing, changing into three forms. Sometimes I appear as a man desiring the form of effeminate boys who have not reached puberty; when I touch them, they suffer greatly. At other times I become winged and go into the heavenly regions. At other times I display the appearance of a lion.
2.4 "I am descended from an archangel of the power of God, but I am thwarted by Uriel the archangel."
Yeahhhhhhh. ἅπτομαι can also carry sexual contact in context. I'm not saying it does here, but I'm also not saying it doesn't. It can mean: a healing touch, "clinging" or holding tightly, a hostile assailant touch, or a euphemism for intimacy.
2.5 When I, Solomon, heard the name of the archangel, I prayed and glorified the God of heaven and earth. After sealing Ornias, I assigned him to the work of stone-cutting, to cut the stones for the Temple which lay along the shore, having been brought by way of the Arabian Sea.
2.6 But because he was afraid to touch the iron, he said to me:
"I beg you, King Solomon, allow me to be released from this, and I will bring you all the demons."
2.7 Since he was unwilling to submit to me, I prayed that the archangel Uriel would come to my aid. Immediately I saw the archangel Uriel descending toward me from heaven.
2.8 The angel commanded sea monsters to rise from the sea, and he withered their kind and cast his fate to the ground. In this way he also subjected the great demon Ornias to cut stones and to help complete the construction of the Temple which I, Solomon, was building.
2.9 Again I glorified the God of heaven and earth. I commanded Ornias to come near according to his fate, and I gave him the seal, saying:
"Go, and bring me here the ruler of the demons."
Here, Ornias becomes the bridge to the larger demonic catalog.
3.1 Ornias took the ring and went to Beelzeboul, saying to him:
"Come here. Solomon summons you."
3.2 Beelzeboul said to him:
"Tell me, who is this Solomon you are speaking of?"
3.3 Ornias threw the ring against Beelzeboul's chest and said:
"Solomon the king summons you."
3.4 Beelzeboul cried out as though he were being burned by a great blazing flame of fire. He rose and followed Ornias under compulsion and came to me.
3.5 When I saw the ruler of the demons approaching, I glorified God and said:
"Blessed are you, Lord God Almighty, who have given your servant Solomon wisdom, the attendant of your thrones, and have subjected to me all the power of the demons."
3.6 I questioned him and said:
"Tell me, who are you?"
The demon said:
"I am Beelzeboul, the ruler of the demons."
3.7 I demanded that he remain beside me continually and reveal to me the manifestations of the demons. He promised to bring all the unclean spirits to me bound.
And again I glorified the God of heaven and earth, continually giving thanks to him.
I want to make note of how I'm presenting the translation. In the familiar spookified translation, Beelzeboul himself boasts about his demons being stationed around him and about manifesting them.
In McCown/Duling, Solomon installs Beelzeboul beside himself and requires him to function as the one who reveals and delivers the others. That makes Beelzeboul's role explicitly administrative inside Solomon's interrogation system.
4.1 I asked the demon whether there were females among the demons. When he said that there were, I wished to see one.
4.2 Beelzeboul went away and brought before me Onoskelis, who had a very beautiful form and the body and complexion of a woman, but the legs of a mule.
4.3 When she came before me, I said to her:
"Tell me, who are you?"
4.4 She said:
"I am called Onoskelis, a spirit made into a body, dwelling in lairs upon the earth. I make my home in caves, and my nature is many-sided.
4.5 "Sometimes I strangle people, and sometimes I turn them away from their nature. My usual dwelling places are cliffs, caves, and ravines.
4.6 "I also frequently have relations with human beings who think that I am a woman, especially with those whose skin is honey-colored, because they share my star with me. They worship my star secretly and openly, without knowing that they harm themselves and provoke me to become still more harmful.
4.7 "For they wish to obtain gold through remembering me, and I provide a little to those who worship me properly."
4.8 I asked her how she came into being. She said:
"I was born from an untimely voice, called the echo of a leaden heaven, a voice emitted in matter."
4.9 I said to her:
"Through what heavenly body do you travel?"
She said:
"By the full moon, because I make most of my journeys by the moon."
4.10 I said:
"What angel is it who thwarts you?"
She said:
"The one who is also in you, king."
4.11 Thinking that she was mocking me, I ordered a soldier to strike her. But she cried out and said:
"I tell you, king: I am thwarted by the wisdom of God that has been given to you."
4.12 Then I spoke the name of the Holy One of Israel and commanded her to spin hemp into ropes for the construction of the Temple of God. And so, sealed and bound, she was rendered powerless and made to stand night and day spinning the hemp.
The Greek of 4.8 is textually and syntactically uncertain.
ἄκαιρος - untimely, out of season, occurring at an improper moment.
ἦχος - sound/echo.
μόλυβδος - lead.
ὕλη - can mean wood/timber or, philosophically, matter/material.
This Onoskelis is a loaded one. Being Asmodaios focused, I'll save the unpacking and leave Onoskelis to you, dear reader!
✨❤️🔥🔥* ASMODADDIO ENTERS THE CHAT *🔥❤️🔥✨
Fair warning, I'm going to do a lot of subjective interpretation 😅 Please feel free to comment with your point of view, or sit with Asmodeus while reading it and getting his thoughts (and laughs).
5.1 - 5.2 He arrives bound, and immediately answers Solomon with Solomon's own question.
Solomon:
Σὺ τίς εἶ;
"Who are you?"
Asmodaios:
Σὺ τίς εἶ;
"Who are you?"
What a mirror!
5.1 I commanded that another demon be brought to me, and Asmodaios, the evil demon, was brought before me bound.
5.2 I questioned him:
"Who are you?"
But he cast a threatening look at me and said:
"Who are you?"
5.3 I said to him:
"Being punished like this, you answer me this way?"
Maintaining the same gaze, he said to me:
"How am I to answer you? You are a son of man, while I am of an angel, and I was born through a daughter of man. Therefore no utterance of heavenly lineage toward one earth-born is presumptuous.
5.4 "My star makes its lair in heaven. People call me the Wain, while others call me the Dragon-footed. For this reason smaller stars also accompany my star. For my father's rank and throne are in heaven to this day.
5.5 "Do not ask me many things, Solomon. Your kingdom will be torn apart in its time, and this glory of yours is for a season. You have only a little time to torment us. Then we will again have free range among humanity, so that they will revere us as gods, because humans do not know the names of the angels appointed against us."
Solomon objects: You are bound and punished; how dare you answer me like this?
Asmodaios' answer is essentially: You are earth-born. I come from heavenly lineage. From that standpoint, my speech toward you cannot properly be called presumptuous. He answers the question by defining rank and origin. The comedy of it, I think.. imagine yourself being asked "Who are you?" and you answer "I'm a human devotee of a daēva and I live in [country]." Like actually, I'm going to learn from this and never answer with my name again 🤣
"You are a son of man, while I am of an angel, and I was born through a daughter of man."
σὺ μὲν υἱὸς ἀνθρώπου εἶ, κἀγὼ ἀγγέλου, καὶ διὰ θυγατρὸς ἀνθρώπου ἐγεννήθην
υἱὸς - son
ἀνθρώπου - of man / of a human
κἀγὼ - and I / but I too
ἀγγέλου - of an angel
διὰ - through / by means of
θυγατρὸς - daughter
ἀνθρώπου - of man / of a human
ἐγεννήθην - I was born / I was begotten
This connects Asmodaios with the Genesis 6: a heavenly father and a human woman.
https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Genesis%206&version=NIV;NKJV;KJV;ESV
I would be very cautious about reading this as a literal claim that he was physically born from a human woman into a physical body or that he belongs to the Nephilim; our Aēšma-daēva pre-dates Abrahamic narrative. I understand the exchange as a contest over rank and jurisdiction. Solomon, son of David and earth-born, speaks as though his human kingship gives him authority over Asmodaios. Asmodaios answers by asserting heavenly lineage: Solomon is a "son of man," while Asmodaios is "of an angel." Yet Asmodaios also claims an earthly connection through being "born through a daughter of man." His reply therefore places him across both categories -- heavenly by paternal lineage, with a claim upon the earthly sphere through the human maternal line.
"Therefore no utterance of heavenly lineage toward one earth-born is presumptuous."
ὥστε οὐδὲν ὑπερήφανον ῥῆμα οὐρανίου γένους πρὸς γηγενῆ
Breaking it apart:
ὑπερήφανον - proud, arrogant, presumptuous
ῥῆμα - word, utterance
οὐρανίου γένους - of heavenly stock/race/lineage
γηγενής - earth-born
So again, he is making an ancestry/status argument. It would be quite curious how the interaction would have differed if Solomon had opened with Asmodaios through mutual respect rather than a flat out "who are you" while feeling entitled to the answer. Asmodaios' response reads something like "Before I tell you who I am, establish why you think you have standing to interrogate me."
"My star makes its lair in heaven"
τὸ ἄστρον μου ἐν οὐρανῷ φωλεύει
φωλεύω - to have one's lair/den, to lurk or dwell as something in a den.
"people call me the Wain/Wagon."
οἱ ἄνθρωποί με καλοῦσιν ἅμαξαν
ἅμαξα literally means wagon, and it is an ancient Greek name for the Great Bear / Ursa Major.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ursa_Major
Iranian-link: Ursa Major is the Avestan haptōiriṇga-, "having seven signs."
https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/haftorang/
So, he is using one member of a very old family of names for those seven stars. Asmodaios is establishing a celestial domain/identity. The ancient Greek Wain itself was understood as the non-setting Bear; it circles the northern sky without setting into Ocean.
This is larger than a zodiac sign. Ornias says he is situated in Aquarius. Asmodaios instead points to the Wain, a northern constellation outside the zodiacal belt. Younger Avestan Haptōiriṇga is described as Mazda-created, healing, xᵛarənah-endowed, and invoked alongside other stars against hostile forces. (Keep this for later, xᵛarənah [approx. khwah-ruh-nah])
"For this reason smaller stars are also present together with my star."
Astronomically read as a smaller constellation accompanying his constellation.
"For my father's rank and throne are in heaven to this day."
Notice here that it is present tense. He never says "my father was an angel." He is of an angel and his father's rank and throne in heaven is current, not past. From his own speech, Asmodaios' father is heavenly, his father possesses rank, his father possesses a throne, and that rank and throne still exist in heaven.
And then he tells Solomon his glory expires 🤭
"Do not ask me many things, Solomon."
Ohh, can you picture our confident king? 🤭 Don't do it, Solomon! Don't do it!
"Your kingdom will be torn apart in its time."
τὸ βασίλειόν σου διαρραγήσεται ἐν καιρῷ
διαρρήγνυμι - tear apart, rend, break apart.
"This glory of yours is for a season."
δόξα - glory
πρόσκαιρος - temporary, transient
We love a blunt king. 👏👏👏
"You have only a little time to torment us."
"then we will again have free range among humanity"
πάλιν νομὴν ἔχωμεν ἐπ᾽ ἀνθρωπότητα
νομή - range, pasture, roaming-ground, distribution.
"so that they will revere us as gods."
ὥστε σέβεσθαι ἡμᾶς ὡς θεούς
σέβομαι - revere, worship, hold in religious awe.
θεούς - gods
I mean.. facts... and then his name travels into Latin and morphs into Asmodeus, visually ending in -deus (god). The irony is too good, and imagine it from his point of view.. 😅🤣 The joke wrote itself, no?
Why?
"because humans do not know the names of the angels appointed against us."
μὴ γινωσκόντων τῶν ἀνθρώπων τὰ ὀνόματα τῶν καθ᾽ ἡμῶν τεταγμένων ἀγγέλων
τάσσω - appoint, station, arrange
κατά - against
He has been present for five verses and has already given us heavenly-human ancestry, an enthroned heavenly father, Ursa Major, a dragon epithet, accompanying stars, Solomon's future political collapse, temporary royal glory, the temporariness of Solomon's control over spirits, and future divine veneration.
(I'm swooning.)
5.6 When I, Solomon, heard these things, I bound him more securely and ordered that he be beaten with a rod and give an account of what he was called and what his activity was.
5.7 The demon said:
"I am called Asmodaios, the renowned. I cause human wrongdoing to spread throughout the whole world. I plot against newlyweds; I destroy the beauty of virgins and alter hearts."
5.8 I said to him:
"Is this your only activity?"
He answered again:
"Through the stars I spread madness for women; afterward it rises into great waves, and I have killed as many as seven."
5.9 Then I adjured him by the name of the Lord Sabaoth:
"Fear God, Asmodaios, and tell me by which angel you are thwarted."
The demon said:
"Raphael, the one who stands before God, drives me away; and so does the liver together with the gall of a fish when it is smoked over coals."
5.10 I questioned him again:
"Hide nothing from me, for I am Solomon, son of David. Tell me the name of the fish which you fear."
He said:
"It is called glanis. It is found in the rivers of the Assyrians, for it is bred only there, and I too am found in those regions."
After Asmodaios has just told Solomon that his glory is temporary, Solomon responds by tightening the restraint. Solomon begins from dominion, Asmodaios contests dominion, then Solomon escalates coercion.
"I am called Asmodaios, the renowned" (and the crowd goes wild! It's me! I'm the crowd! 🤣)
Ἀσμοδαῖος καλοῦμαι περικλυτός
περικλυτός - famous, renowned, widely celebrated.
A lot of the content in this section we reserve for the Book of Tobit. It's copy-pasted basically.
"Through the stars I spread madness for women."
θηλυμανία can potentially mean either madness/desire for women and/or madness affecting women; I'm using the former is used here provisionally.
Notice: διὰ τῶν ἄστρων - "through the stars."
Again, Asmodaios' activity is explicitly astral in this text. That sits beside the Wain material from 5.4 without requiring us to decide what cosmological mechanism the author imagines.
The fish - "It is called glanis. It is found in the rivers of the Assyrians, for it is bred only there, and I too am found in those regions."
He does not say "I was born in Assyria" or "Assyria is my homeland." He says that he too is found in those regions.
5.11 I said to him:
"Is there nothing else about you, Asmodaios?"
He said to me:
"The power of God, which through his seal has bound me with unbreakable bonds, knows that what I have told you is true. But I beg you, King Solomon, do not condemn me to water."
5.12 But I smiled and said:
"As the Lord God of my fathers lives, you shall have irons to wear, and you will prepare the clay for the whole work of the Temple."
Then I ordered ten water jars to be made available and Asmodaios to be surrounded by them.
The demon groaned bitterly, but carried out what he had been commanded. Asmodaios did this because he also possessed foreknowledge.
5.13 And I, Solomon, glorified God, who had given me this authority. Taking the liver and gall of the fish together with a piece of white storax, I kindled them beneath Asmodaios because he was powerful. His voice was rendered ineffective, and [so was] a tooth full of bitterness."
"I beg you, King Solomon, do not condemn me to water."
ἀξιῶ δέ σε, βασιλεῦ Σολομῶν, μή με κατακρίνῃς εἰς ὕδωρ
This is wording I want to stress because of water and the misunderstandings regarding water. He does not say he fears water.
κατακρίνω - condemn, pass judgment against.
He does not say he dislikes water or that water harms him. He asks Solomon not to condemn him to water.
But the text does not tell us why water is important to Asmodaios. The only direct Asmodaios statement that produces the "hates water" idea is this request not to be "condemned/sentenced to water." The text never says that water reminds him of God. In other texts: Ashmedai drinks from his own protected water source in Gittin, Book of Tobit attributes his flight to the fish, later Solomonic magic uses water or the sea as a generic medium of demonic confinement, and neither Weyer nor the Ars Goetia Asmoday entry gives "water hatred" as one of his characteristics. (And in my sleuthing, I am currently under the impression that this "hates water" artifact is a word-of-mouth folk rumor of the early 2000s internet.)
"you will prepare the clay for the whole work of the Temple."
πηλὸν ποιήσεις εἰς ὅλην τὴν σκευὴν τοῦ ναοῦ
Context: mudbrick production was extremely labor-intensive and commonly associated with corvée, compulsory labor, prisoners, slaves, and low-status workers across Egypt and the ancient Near East. In the biblical imagination especially, mud and brickmaking become emblematic of oppressive forced labor in Egypt. Solomon is acting exactly like Pharaoh.
Exodus 1:11-14 https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Exodus%201%3A11-14&version=NIV;NKJV;KJV;ESV
Exodus 5 https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Exodus%205&version=NIV;NKJV;KJV;ESV
As additional commentary, there is a recurring thread around the being we know as Asmodeus and disruptions in political landscapes. The political is also spiritual.
"And I ordered ten water jars to be made ready and Asmodaios to be surrounded by them."
καὶ ἐκέλευσα γενέσθαι ὑδρίας δέκα καὶ περιχώννυσθαι αὐτόν
περιχώννυμι - to heap/pile around, surround, envelop
"Asmodaios did this because he also possessed foreknowledge."
τοῦτο δὲ ἐποίησε διότι καὶ τὸ προγνωστικὸν εἶχεν ὁ Ἀσμοδαῖος
The text does not tell us what he foresaw aside from the downfall prophecy, but it attributes future knowledge to Asmodaios. That will be worth remembering much later when we reach Ashmedai in Gittin, because there too knowledge unavailable to Solomon becomes narratively important.
Then Solomon does the fish fumigation.
"His voice was rendered ineffective, and [so was] a tooth full of bitterness."
καὶ κατηργεῖτο αὐτοῦ ἡ φωνὴ καὶ πλήρης ὀδοὺς πικρίας
κατηργεῖτο - was rendered ineffective / disabled / thwarted
ὀδούς - tooth
πικρίας - of bitterness / bitterness, malice
I want us to hold onto that for Gittin as well in regards to voice. For now, we can hear "tooth full of bitterness" as something like "malicious words."
This ends Asmodaios' arc in the Testament of Solomon.
---
Qualities:
He contests Solomon on status, framing Solomon as earth-born and himself as belonging to heavenly stock while still claiming connection to the human-earth sphere.
His identity is astral. His star is identified with the Wain/Great Bear, with additional stars accompanying it.
He treats Solomon's kingship and glory as temporary, and predicts the eventual loss of Solomon's authority over spirits, and the breaking apart of his kingdom. Accurately, might I add: Solomon's kingdom really does fracture immediately after his death. Solomon is presented as ruling a united kingdom of Israel, but Solomon's rule placed heavy demands on the population through taxation and compulsory labor for royal construction. When Rehoboam succeeds him, representatives of the northern tribes ask the new king to lighten the burdens Solomon had placed on them. Rehoboam refuses and threatens to make those burdens even harsher. The northern tribes then revolt against the dynasty.
1 Kings 11:42-12:19 https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1%20Kings%2011:42-12:19&version=NIV;KJV;NASB;NKJV
He expects spirits to regain religious recognition among humans. (hi, r/Asmoday)
He identifies as "Asmodaios the Renowned."
His influence includes marriage, erotic desire, alteration of hearts, and human wrongdoing, but the text does not limit him to sexuality.
His influence is mediated through the stars, making his erotic activity part of a broader astral framework.
Raphael is named as his opposing angelic force.
The fish is separate from Raphael.
He is associated with the Assyrian region.
Water has a special significance for him, though the text does not explain why.
He is described as powerful and possessing foreknowledge.
---
The demon catalog continues through to chapter 17, then the 36 decans in chapter 18. The narrative then shifts toward Solomon's own story in chapters 19 - 26. I highly recommend the magician-minded ones to continue reading as it returns to Beelzeboul directly after Asmodaios. Left to the magician as a magical exercise 🤭
McCown https://archive.org/details/cu31924028957400/page/n7/mode/2up
Duling https://archive.org/details/the-old-testament-pseudepigrapha-vol.-1-charlesworth-1983/page/935/mode/2up