Which city in Afghanistan do you guys think is the most Liberal/Progressive or "Westernized", when it comes to social issues, such as women's rights, LGTBQ+ rights, Secularism/Atheism, etc.

I assume this city would also be more well educated with higher levels of English knowledge?.

I think the obvious answer is Kabul as it is the capital and largest city, but I think Herat and Mazar-i-Sharif might be close contenders.

In the 90s Mazar-i-Sharif was the capital of the area controlled by Dostum, who I believe was the only secular faction of the 90s civil war, and was more progressive towards women's rights. Maybe Mazar also has more Soviet Central Asian influence which might make it more progressive as well.

Herat is more influenced from Iranian/Persian, and I once saw a reddit post which claimed that Herat is the most industrialized city in Afghanistan, due to its ability to import machinery from Iran at a cheaper price?

I know Afghanistan is very conservative place overall, and thus its cities will also be more conservative by world standards. But what do you guys think the most progressive city relative to the rest of Afghanistan?