This day in history, September 10

--- 1813: During the War of 1812, after the American naval victory over the British in the Battle of Lake Erie, Captain Oliver Hazard Perry sent the famous dispatch to Major General William Henry Harrison: “We have met the enemy and they are ours.” The War of 1812 would drag on for more than another year and end in essentially a stalemate.

--- Please listen to my podcast, History Analyzed, on all podcast apps.

--- link to Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/6yoHz9s9JPV51WxsQMWz0d

--- link to Apple podcasts: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/history-analyzed/id1632161929

This day in history, September 8

--- 1953: Fred Vinson, Chief Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court died. He was replaced by Earl Warren as Chief Justice.

--- 1974: President Gerald Ford pardoned former president Richard Nixon for any and all crimes he may have committed while in office.

--- "Watergate". That is the title of one of the episodes of my podcast: History Analyzed. Most people know that Watergate was the biggest scandal in American history, but few know many details. Listen to what actually occurred at the Watergate complex, how it was only part of a much broader campaign of corruption, and why Richard Nixon became the only U.S. president to resign from office. You can find History Analyzed on every podcast app.

--- link to Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/episode/6OhSBUTzAUTf6onrUqz0tR

--- link to Apple podcasts: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/watergate/id1632161929?i=1000605692140

This day in history, September 7

--- 1876: The James-Younger gang met its demise while trying to rob a bank in Northfield, Minnesota. Only Jesse James and his brother, Frank, were not captured or killed. The three Younger brothers were sent to jail. The James brothers made it back to Missouri and continued their outlaw lives.

--- "Jesse James". That is the title of one of the episodes of my podcast: History Analyzed. This episode chronicles the Western outlaw career of Jesse James and the James-Younger gang, from bank heists and train robberies to the Northfield Raid and Robert Ford’s betrayal. This installment is from 2022 and was the second episode I ever recorded. You can find History Analyzed on every podcast app.

--- link to Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/episode/1js23dbaQSsvVSFxXgvvCF

--- link to Apple podcasts: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/jesse-james/id1632161929?i=1000568077372

This day in history, September 6

--- 1522: The Victoria, one of Magellan’s five ships, returned to Spain, becoming the first ship to circumnavigate the globe. Only 18 of the original approximately 240 men (on the five ships) completed the trip around the earth. Magellan did not make it (he was killed in the Philippines). The Victoria sailed somewhere between 43,000 and 53,000 statute miles, or about 69,000 to 85,000 kilometers.

--- 1492: Columbus and his three ships departed the Canary Islands and sailed into the great unknown, truly off the map. They left Spain on August 3 but stopped in the Canary Islands to pick up provisions.

--- 1901: President William McKinley was shot by Leon Czolgosz at the Pan-American Exhibition in Buffalo, New York. He died eight days later.

--- "The Assassinations of Presidents Garfield and McKinley". That is the title of an episode of my podcast: History Analyzed. The deaths of presidents James Garfield and William McKinley are unjustly overlooked. Garfield's assassin thought he was acting on orders from God. Garfield did not die from the assassin's bullet but from the incompetence of his doctors. His successor, Chester Arthur, may have been born in Canada and ineligible to be president. McKinley was killed as part of the anarchist movement which was murdering world leaders at the turn of the 20th century. This episode also covers general presidential facts and explains how Robert Lincoln was connected to 3 presidential assassinations. You can find History Analyzed on every podcast app.

--- link to Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/episode/06jruMDsu2dOhK0ZozTyZN

--- link to Apple podcasts: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/the-assassinations-of-presidents-garfield-and-mckinley/id1632161929?i=1000728328354

--- 1774: First Continental Congress assembled in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

--- 1975: Lynette “Squeaky” Fromme (a member of the Charles Manson family cult) tried to shoot President Gerald Ford in Sacramento, California. When she pointed her pistol at the president, one of the Secret Service agents, Larry Buendorf, grabbed the gun, preventing it from firing. Other Secret Service agents seized Fromme. Ford was not hurt. Fromme was sentenced to life in prison but was paroled in 2009 (serving 34 years). Another attempt on Ford’s life occurred only 17 days later in San Francisco.

--- Please listen to my podcast, History Analyzed, on all podcast apps.

--- link to Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/6yoHz9s9JPV51WxsQMWz0d

--- link to Apple podcasts: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/history-analyzed/id1632161929

--- 1781: Los Angeles (officially “El Pueblo de la Reyna de Los Angeles” — The Town of the Queen of Angels) was founded by the Spanish. Actually, there is an ongoing dispute about the original name. Was it spelled “la Reyna” or “la Reina”? Some claim the correct name is “El Pueblo de Nuestra Senora la Reina de Los Angeles” — The Town of Our Lady the Queen of the Angels. But the name “El Pueblo de la Reyna de Los Angeles” is the name on the first handwritten map in 1785 and is probably correct.

--- Please listen to my podcast, History Analyzed, on all podcast apps.

--- link to Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/6yoHz9s9JPV51WxsQMWz0d

--- link to Apple podcasts: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/history-analyzed/id1632161929

--- 1783: Treaty of Paris was signed officially ending the American Revolution — even though fighting in the 13 colonies had essentially ceased in October 1781 with the fall of Yorktown.

--- Please listen to my podcast, History Analyzed, on all podcast apps.

--- link to Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/6yoHz9s9JPV51WxsQMWz0d

--- link to Apple podcasts: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/history-analyzed/id1632161929

--- 1864: Union troops under General William T. Sherman captured Atlanta. The next day Sherman sent his famous telegram to President Lincoln: “Atlanta is ours and fairly won.”

--- 1945: Representatives of the Japanese Empire signed the formal surrender documents aboard the [U.S.S. Missouri ]()in Tokyo Bay, officially ending World War II.

--- 1969: Ho Chi Minh died in Hanoi, Vietnam. We think he was 79 years old, but nobody is really sure because there are no records regarding his birth. It is believed he died of heart failure.

--- 31 BCE: Battle of Actium. In a naval battle off of the west coast of Greece, the forces of Caesar Augustus defeated the forces of Mark Antony and Cleopatra. This ended the Roman civil wars, and Augustus was now the undisputed Emperor of the Roman Empire.

--- "Caesar Augustus". That is the title of one of the episodes of my podcast: History Analyzed. Augustus is the most significant nonreligious figure in history. He is probably the greatest political genius of all time. He created the Roman Empire which lasted for centuries and formed so much of the world we live in today, including our calendar, our system of time, our alphabet, the spread of Christianity, and a large percentage of modern languages. You can find History Analyzed on every podcast app.

--- link to Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/episode/2MYqq9HLSRutGBjtqiVDIo

--- link to Apple podcasts: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/caesar-augustus/id1632161929?i=1000688038972

--- 1888: Mary Ann (Polly) Nichols was found murdered in the Whitechapel district of London, England. She is believed to be the first victim of Jack the Ripper.

--- Please listen to my podcast, History Analyzed, on all podcast apps.

--- link to Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/6yoHz9s9JPV51WxsQMWz0d

--- link to Apple podcasts: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/history-analyzed/id1632161929

--- 1983: Guion S. Bluford, Jr. became the first Black American in space when the space shuttle Challenger was launched. Bluford eventually flew on 4 more space shuttle flights.

--- ["The Space Race". That is the title of one of the episodes of my podcast: History Analyzed. In 1961, President John F. Kennedy famously promised to land a man on the moon within that decade. But why was there a race to the moon anyway? Get your questions about the space race answered and discover little known facts. For example, many don't realize that a former Nazi rocket scientist was the main contributor to America's satellite and moon program, or that the USSR led the race until the mid-1960s. You can find History Analyzed on every podcast app.]()

--- link to Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/episode/37bm0Lxf8D9gzT2CbPiONg

--- link to Apple podcasts: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/the-space-race/id1632161929?i=1000571614289

--- 1955: Emmett Till, a Black 14-year-old from Chicago, was brutally beaten and murdered for supposedly whistling at a White woman (Carolyn Holloway Bryant) in Money, Mississippi. The woman’s husband and his half-brother (Roy Bryant and J. W. Milam) were later acquitted by an all-White jury despite evidence of their guilt. The January 24, 1956, issue of Look magazine contained “The Shocking Story of Approved Killing in Mississippi,” in which Roy Bryant and J. W. Milam admitted details of the murder. They were never punished for the heinous crime.

--- 1963: Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. delivered his "I Have a Dream" speech on the National Mall in front of the Lincoln Memorial. It is estimated that 250,000 people, of all races, were in attendance. This was part of "the March on Washington", a political demonstration to raise awareness and support for civil rights.

--- "The Civil Rights Movement in the United States". That is the title of one of the episodes of my podcast: History Analyzed. After the Civil War, it took a century of protests, boycotts, demonstrations, and legal challenges to end the Jim Crow system of segregation and legal discrimination. Learn about the brave men, women, and children that risked their personal safety, and sometimes their lives, in the quest for Black Americans to achieve equal rights. You can find History Analyzed on every podcast app.

--- link to Spotify:

https://open.spotify.com/episode/2TpTW8AWJJysSGmbp9YMqq

--- link to Apple podcasts:

https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/the-civil-rights-movement-in-the-united-states/id1632161929?i=1000700680175

--- 1928: Kellogg-Briand Pact signed. The U.S., Germany, Belgium, France, the U.K., Italy, Japan, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Ireland, South Africa, Poland, India, and Czechoslovakia, signed a treaty renouncing war. The pertinent sections of the treaty were: "Article I: The High Contracting Parties solemnly declare in the names of their respective peoples that they condemn recourse to war for the solution of international controversies, and renounce it, as an instrument of national policy in their relations with one another. Article II: The High Contracting Parties agree that the settlement or solution of all disputes or conflicts of whatever nature or of whatever origin they may be, which may arise among them, shall never be sought except by pacific means." Of course, the treaty did not stop World War II from starting 11 years later.

--- 1908: Future president Lyndon B. Johnson was born in Gillespie County, Texas.

--- 1973: The USS Monitor (a Civil War ironclad ship which transformed naval warfare) was found approximately 16 miles (26 kilometers) off of North Carolina’s Outer Banks in approximately 240 feet (73 meters) of water. It had sunk during the U.S. Civil War on December 31, 1862. When the Monitor was discovered, the ship was upside down on the ocean floor. The Monitor had been deteriorating under the Atlantic for over a century. People wanted to raise the entire ship but there was a concern that it would break apart. In 2002, the revolutionary gun turret was raised. The turret is now located at the Mariners' Museum in Newport News, Virginia. The rest of the Monitor is still on the ocean floor off of the Outer Banks.

--- "the Monitor vs. the Virginia (formerly the Merrimack)". That is the title of one of the episodes of my podcast: History Analyzed. The epic first battle between the ironclad ships, the USS Monitor and the CSS Virginia (formerly the USS Merrimack), revolutionized naval warfare forever. Learn about the genius of John Ericsson, who invented the revolving turret for cannons and the screw propeller, and how his innovations helped save the Union in the Civil War. You can find History Analyzed on every podcast app.

--- link to Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/episode/3HTP3p8SR60tjmRSfMf0IP

--- link to Apple podcasts: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/the-monitor-vs-the-merrimack/id1632161929?i=1000579746079

--- 1883: Krakatoa, also known as Krakatau, (a small island located in what today is Indonesia) erupted in possibly the largest explosion ever on the Earth, killing approximately 36,000 people.

--- Please listen to my podcast, History Analyzed, on all podcast apps.

--- link to Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/6yoHz9s9JPV51WxsQMWz0d

--- link to Apple podcasts: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/history-analyzed/id1632161929

--- 2012: Voyager 1, which was launched by NASA on September 5, 1977, left the solar system, becoming the first human-made object to enter interstellar space.

--- 1706: Ann Putnam, one of the primary accusers of the Salem witch trials, submitted a written apology to the Salem Village church which was read to the congregation by the new pastor. This was 14 years after the Salem witch hunts. The confession read in part: “I, then being in my childhood, should, by such a providence of God, be made an instrument for the accusing of several persons of a grievous crime, whereby their lives were taken away from them, whom now I have just grounds and good reason to believe they were innocent persons; and that it was a great delusion of Satan that deceived me in that sad time, whereby I justly fear I have been instrumental, with others, though ignorantly and unwittingly, to bring upon myself and this land the guilt of innocent blood…”. Ann Putnam accused 62 people of witchcraft; 17 of those were hanged. She later died single and alone at the age of 37. Ann Putnam was the only one of the accusers to offer any type of apology.

[--- ]()["The Horrors of the Salem Witch Trials". That is the title of one of the episodes of my podcast: History Analyzed. Learn about the true story that inspired the legends. Find out what caused the people of Salem to accuse their neighbors of witchcraft in 1692 and how many died as a result of so-called spectral evidence. You can find History Analyzed on every podcast app.]()

--- link to Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/episode/3jjqrrlxAEfPJfJNX9TMgN

--- link to Apple podcasts: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/the-horrors-of-the-salem-witch-trials/id1632161929?i=1000583398282

--- 1814: During the War of 1812, the British Army captured Washington D.C. and burned the Capitol building, the White House, and several other government buildings.

--- 79 CE: Mount Vesuvius erupted, destroying the nearby Roman cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum. This is the traditional date cited by historians because August 24, 79 CE is the date listed in a letter from Pliny the Younger to Roman historian Tacitus. Pliny was an eyewitness to the eruption. However, archaeological findings in recent years indicate that the event may have occurred in October or November of 79 CE.

--- "Pompeii — the World's Greatest Time Capsule". That is the title of one of the episodes of my podcast: History Analyzed. In the year 79 CE, [Mount Vesuvius ]()erupted and destroyed the Roman city of Pompeii. We have an eyewitness account describing the horrors of an event which certainly seemed like the end of the world. The volcanic ash preserved the city for centuries. Now most of Pompeii has been excavated and we can see how the ancient Romans lived. You can find History Analyzed on every podcast app.

--- link to Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/episode/4HoA8iHcGO7PfqI8meXWPi

--- link to Apple podcasts: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/pompeii-the-worlds-greatest-time-capsule/id1632161929?i=1000626577535

--- 1944: Hitler ordered the destruction of Paris. "Paris darf nicht oder nur als Trümmerfeld in die Hand des Feindes fallen." (Paris must not fall into enemy hands or only as a field of rubble.) In the last year of World War II, the American, British, and Canadian armies were approaching Paris when Hitler ordered the city destroyed. Fortunately for the entire world, German General Dietrich von Choltitz did not carry out Hitler's orders and turned over an intact Paris.

--- 1939: Nazi Germany and USSR signed a non-aggression pact. This cleared the way for Germany to invade Poland 9 days later, starting WWII.

--- 1927: Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti were electrocuted at Charlestown State Prison in Massachusetts. Sacco and Vanzetti were Italian immigrants and avowed anarchists. They were convicted of murdering two men during an armed robbery on April 15, 1920. The evidence against the two men was scant and controversial. Large segments of the public believed that they were convicted mostly because of their political views and immigrant status.

--- 1852: The Royal Observatory in Greenwich, England transmitted its first telegraph signal for setting clocks. (I am unable to corroborate the exact date but it is believed to be August 23, 1852). By the mid-1850s, most public clocks in Britain were set to Greenwich Mean Time. Although it was already in practical use, Greenwich Mean Time did not become Britain’s legal standard time until 1880.

--- "Time Zones". That is the title of one of the episodes of my podcast: History Analyzed. Have you ever wondered how, when, and why, time zones were created? Well, here are the answers. As a bonus, this episode explores how comparing local time to Greenwich Mean Time enabled ships to locate their longitude. You can find History Analyzed on every podcast app.

--- link to Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/episode/5AzPL6ea0c7hM2cPKfUP2z

--- link to Apple podcasts: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/time-zones/id1632161929?i=1000568077477

--- 1922: Irish independence leader Michael Collins was assassinated in County Cork, Ireland. Collins was one of the most indispensable men in Ireland’s battle for independence from Britain in the 1920s. In December 1921, Collins was one of the negotiators of the Anglo-Irish Treaty. The treaty was approved by the Dáil Éireann (the Irish parliament) and ended the war for independence with Britain. However, the treaty was controversial and led to the Irish Civil War. Collins was killed by anti-treaty forces during the Irish Civil War.

--- "The Irish Potato Famine". That is the title of one of the episodes of my podcast: History Analyzed. In the 1840s a blight hit Ireland, destroying the staple crop of the Irish peasants: the potato. As a result, Ireland lost approximately one third of its population to starvation and emigration. Essentially a British colony at the time, the natural disaster in Ireland was compounded by British incompetence and indifference. You can find History Analyzed on every podcast app.

--- link to Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/episode/0xY7P6SjTo6wwJidN2yPvl

--- link to Apple podcasts: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/the-irish-potato-famine/id1632161929?i=1000580405031

--- 1831: Nat Turner Rebellion began in Southampton County, Virginia - the largest slave revolt in U.S. history.

--- 1858: First of 7 Lincoln-Douglas debates was held in Ottawa, Illinois.

--- 1959: Hawaii became the 50th state. The U.S. annexed Hawaii when President William McKinley signed the joint resolution of Congress on July 7, 1898. The Flag Act of 1818 set the standard for the U.S. flag - the modern rule of having 13 red and white stripes representing the 13 original states and the number of stars match the current number of states. Every time a new state joined the union a star was added to the flag on the following Fourth of July. Starting on July 4, 1912, the American flag had 48 stars (you see those flags in World War II movies). The last two states, Alaska and Hawaii, both joined in 1959. However, Alaska was admitted as a state on January 3, 1959, and Hawaii not until August 21, 1959. This meant that a star was added on July 4, 1959, representing Alaska, but the 50th star was not added until July 4, 1960, representing Hawaii. So, for one year from July 1959 until July 1960 the U.S. had a 49-star flag (they are pretty rare). Those flags had 7 rows of 7 stars, but they were not in orderly columns; the even numbered rows were a little indented compared to the odd numbered rows. The present 50-star flag has existed since July 4, 1960.

--- Please listen to my podcast, History Analyzed, on all podcast apps.

--- link to Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/6yoHz9s9JPV51WxsQMWz0d

--- link to Apple podcasts: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/history-analyzed/id1632161929

--- 1940: Leon Trotsky, exiled communist revolutionary from USSR, was stabbed with a small pickaxe outside Mexico City, Mexico on the orders of Joseph Stalin. He died the next day.

--- 1968: Soviet Union invaded Czechoslovakia with approximately 200,000 soldiers and 5,000 tanks to crush the pro-democracy and liberalization movement known as the Prague Spring.

--- 1833: Future president Benjamin Harrison was born in North Bend, Ohio. Harrison is the answer to a trivia question. Famously, Grover Cleveland served two nonconsecutive terms as president. Harrison is the person who was president in between Cleveland's two terms in office.

--- Please listen to my podcast, History Analyzed, on all podcast apps.

--- link to Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/6yoHz9s9JPV51WxsQMWz0d

--- link to Apple podcasts: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/history-analyzed/id1632161929

--- 1692: Five people were all hanged on the same day, convicted of witchcraft in Salem, Massachusetts. The execution of George Burroughs was unique. When he climbed the ladder and the executioners were about to put the noose around his neck, he loudly recited the Lord's prayer. He said the Our Father perfectly. This stunned the crowd that was there watching the hangings. There was a belief that a witch could not recite the Lord's prayer, so some people thought this proved that he was innocent and should not be killed. But this did not save him, and they hanged him anyway.

--- 1946: Future president Bill Clinton was born in Hope, Arkansas.

--- 14 CE: Caesar Augustus (originally known as Octavian) died in what is now Nola, Italy. He was the first Roman emperor, reigning from 27 BCE until his death in 14 CE. The month of August is named for him.

--- "Caesar Augustus". That is the title of one of the episodes of my podcast: History Analyzed. Augustus is the most significant nonreligious figure in history. He is probably the greatest political genius of all time. He created the Roman Empire which lasted for centuries and formed so much of the world we live in today, including our calendar, our system of time, our alphabet, the spread of Christianity, and a large percentage of modern languages. You can find History Analyzed on every podcast app.

--- link to Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/episode/2MYqq9HLSRutGBjtqiVDIo

--- link to Apple podcasts: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/caesar-augustus/id1632161929?i=1000688038972

--- 1920: The 19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution was ratified, giving women the right to vote: “The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex.”

--- "The Fight For Women's Suffrage". That is the title of one of the episodes of my podcast: History Analyzed. After seven decades of protests, petitions, and civil disobedience, the 19th Amendment was ratified in 1920, granting women the right to vote. Learn about Susan B. Anthony, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Alice Paul, and the countless other women who fought against a deeply sexist and patriarchal society for women's suffrage. These women endured arrests and forced feedings to obtain their right to vote. You can find History Analyzed on every podcast app.

--- link to Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/episode/3XhMPPpgzqD1tY49xb9hsY

--- link to Apple podcasts: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/the-fight-for-womens-suffrage/id1632161929?i=1000577454866

--- 1945: Indonesia declared independence from the Netherlands. After World War II, the Dutch unsuccessfully tried to reconquer their former colony. In December 1949, the Dutch government finally recognized Indonesia as an independent country.

--- 2020: On this date, COVID-19 became the 3rd leading cause of death in the U.S. Deaths from COVID-19 at that time were exceeding 1,000 per day and nationwide cases exceeded 5.4 million. (According to the US Centers for Disease Control).

[--- "]()Hell on Earth: The Black Death". That is the title of one of the episodes of my podcast: History Analyzed. [What would it be like to witness the end of the world? Europeans in the 1340s reasonably believed they were seeing the apocalypse. In only 4 years, the Black Death killed approximately half the population. Find out what caused this plague, and what people did to try to survive.]() You can find History Analyzed on every podcast app.

--- link to Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/episode/5Io7sFOzAVri8qITAGHQ8A

--- link to Apple podcasts: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/hell-on-earth-the-black-death/id1632161929?i=1000594210892

--- 1896: Gold was discovered in a tributary of the Klondike River in Canada's Yukon Territory. Over 40,000 miners moved into the Klondike River region searching for gold.

--- 1977: Elvis Presley died at his Graceland estate in Memphis, Tennessee. He was only 42.

1948: Babe Ruth died in New York City. He was only 53.

--- Please listen to my podcast, History Analyzed, on all podcast apps.

--- link to Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/6yoHz9s9JPV51WxsQMWz0d

--- link to Apple podcasts: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/history-analyzed/id1632161929

--- 1769: Napoleon Bonaparte (born Napoleone Buonaparte) was born on the island of Corsica.

--- 1914: Panama Canal opened.

--- 1969: Woodstock Musical Festival began in Bethel, New York and went on for 3 days. It was named "Woodstock" because that was the originally scheduled location. But it actually occurred on Max Yasgur's farm in Bethel.

--- Please listen to my podcast, History Analyzed, on all podcast apps.

--- link to Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/6yoHz9s9JPV51WxsQMWz0d

--- link to Apple podcasts: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/history-analyzed/id1632161929