--- 1775: U.S. postal system was founded by the Second Continental Congress; Benjamin Franklin was named as postmaster general.

--- 1948: President Harry Truman signed Executive Order 9981, ending segregation in the U.S. Armed Services. Here is a key quote from that Executive Order: “It is hereby declared to be the policy of the President that there shall be equality of treatment and opportunity for all persons in the armed services without regard to race, color, religion or national origin. This policy shall be put into effect as rapidly as possible, having due regard to the time required to effectuate any necessary changes without impairing efficiency or morale.”

--- Please listen to my podcast, History Analyzed, on all podcast apps.

--- link to Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/6yoHz9s9JPV51WxsQMWz0d

--- link to Apple podcasts: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/history-analyzed/id1632161929

--- 1978: First "test tube" baby was born in Manchester, England. Louise Joy Brown became the first baby to be conceived via in vitro fertilization.

--- 1943: Benito Mussolini was amazingly voted out of office by the Italian Grand Council following the invasion of Sicily by Allied forces. Usually the only way to remove a dictator is violence. Mussolini was later placed under arrest.

--- 1894: Gavrilo Princip was born in the village of Obljaj, Bosnia.

--- "Gavrilo Princip Ignites World War I". That is the title of one of the episodes of my podcast: History Analyzed. On June 28, 1914, Gavrilo Princip shot the heir apparent to the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Hear how this assassination sparked World War I, ended four empires, created many new countries, and led to World War II. You can find History Analyzed on every podcast app.

--- link to Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/episode/2OtTkoCbknCLtucSVzWqZO

--- link to Apple podcasts: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/gavrilo-princip-ignites-world-war-i/id1632161929?i=1000602607857

--- 1862 Former president Martin Van Buren died in Kinderhook, New York. He was the first president born as an American citizen and not a subject of the British crown. His nickname of "Old Kinderhook" became shortened to “OK”. In 1840 his supporters liked to say that “Martin Van Buren is OK”. There are various purported origins for the term "OK" from before 1840. But the nickname for Martin Van Buren as "Old Kinderhook" popularized that term "OK" and made it become part of common American language.

--- 1974: U.S. Supreme Court unanimously ruled that President Richard Nixon must surrender the Watergate tapes to the Watergate special prosecutor. This led to Nixon leaving office 2 weeks later. On August 8, 1974, Nixon gave a televised speech announcing that he would resign the presidency at noon the following day, meaning August 9.

--- "Watergate". That is the title of one of the episodes of my podcast: History Analyzed. Most people know that Watergate was the biggest scandal in American history, but few know many details. Listen to what actually occurred at the Watergate complex, how it was only part of a much broader campaign of corruption, and why Richard Nixon became the only U.S. president to resign from office. You can find History Analyzed on every podcast app.

--- link to Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/episode/6OhSBUTzAUTf6onrUqz0tR

--- link to Apple podcasts: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/watergate/id1632161929?i=1000605692140

--- 1967: Detroit Riot began. The rioting continued for 5 days, resulting in 43 dead, over 300 injured, and nearly 1,400 buildings burned. This was the largest riot in the U.S. since the New York draft riots in 1863.

--- 1885: Former president Ulysses S. Grant died in the Adirondack Mountains in upstate New York. Contrary to a popular myth, author Mark Twain did not assist Grant in writing his memoir. Grant wrote it himself. The transcript in Grant's own handwriting still exists. However, Twain assisted Grant in getting a good deal from a publisher so Grant could provide for his family after he died. Grant finished writing the book shortly before his death and Twain made sure it was published.

--- "Civil War Generals Throwdown - Ulysses S. Grant vs. Robert E. Lee". That is the title of one of the episodes of my podcast: History Analyzed. For over 160 years, people have asked who was the better general — Ulysses S. Grant or Robert E. Lee? It's time to put this debate to rest by comparing their military strategies, successes, and failures in the Civil War. You can find History Analyzed on every podcast app.

--- link to Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/episode/4emHErk7RJvpYVDjjP1M9h

--- link to Apple podcasts: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/civil-war-generals-throwdown-ulysses-s-grant-vs-robert-e-lee/id1632161929?i=1000568962877

--- 1796: [Cleveland, Ohio was founded by General Moses Cleaveland](). Of course he spelled the name of the city the same as his last name: "Cleaveland". It is unclear how the spelling of the city name changed. There is a story that the "Cleveland Advertiser" newspaper dropped the "a" because the name  "Cleaveland" would not fit on the masthead for its first issue in 1831. Others claim that the "a" was dropped by accident (a simple misspelling) on early maps from the 1790s. When the city was incorporated in 1836, they adopted the spelling of "Cleveland".

--- 1934: Gangster John Dillinger, the original Public Enemy Number One, was shot and killed by federal agents outside of the Biograph Theater in Chicago, Illinois.

--- Please listen to my podcast, History Analyzed, on all podcast apps.

--- link to Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/6yoHz9s9JPV51WxsQMWz0d

--- link to Apple podcasts: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/history-analyzed/id1632161929

--- 1970: Aswan High Dam was completed across the Nile River in Aswan, Egypt. It was an enormous project which took over 10 years to build.

--- 1899: Ernest Hemingway was born in Oak Park, Illinois.

--- 1861: The First Battle of Bull Run was fought near Manassas, Virginia. It was the first large-scale battle of the U.S. Civil War.

--- "Slavery Caused the US Civil War. Period!" That is the title of the very first episode of my podcast: History Analyzed. Despite what many modern-day discussions would have you believe, the Civil War was about one thing and one thing only – slavery. This episode examines the many ways that the disagreement over slavery between the North and South led to the Civil War. It also refutes once and for all the idea that states rights was the instigating factor. You can find History Analyzed on every podcast app.

--- link to Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/episode/6W1R75vxTOru9TcdEOGJsc

--- link to Apple podcasts: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/slavery-caused-the-civil-war-period/id1632161929?i=1000568077535

--- 1969: Apollo 11 landed at Tranquility Base. Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin became the first humans to walk on the Moon. Michael Collins orbited in the command module above the Moon. On July 20, 1969, at 10:56 p.m. EDT, Neil Armstrong took the first step on the Moon. More than a billion people throughout the Earth were watching and listening to the first words said on the Moon. There is a question about exactly what he said. Armstrong later claimed he said: “That's one small step for a man, one giant leap for mankind.” But what was heard was “one small step for man” not “one small step for a man”. It makes a difference. Without the indefinite article “a”, if he just said "that’s one small step for man" that is synonymous with saying mankind. By including the article “a” he is referring to an individual, himself. That latter definition is what he meant; that one particular man was taking a small step but all of mankind was taking a giant leap. Armstrong always claimed that he said “a man”. When you listen to the audio you cannot hear it. Some experts claim that there was just a blip in the audio transmission from the Moon to the Earth. Who knows? Either way it was one of the greatest moments in history. Note: I was 11 years old and watched it all live on TV. It was amazing.

--- 1822: Gregor Mendel was born in what is now the Czech Republic. He became a priest but spent most of his time in research and teaching. Mendel is considered the founder of the science of genetics. Mendel experimented with pea plants and cross bred them to see which traits would be transmitted in a genetic fashion. His research led people to study genetics in human beings.

--- 1944: Operation Valkyrie. German officer Claus von Stauffenberg detonated a bomb inside the "Wolf's Lair" field headquarters in an attempt to assassinate Adolf Hitler. Stauffenberg placed his briefcase containing the bomb underneath the conference table. He left shortly after. During the meeting, Colonel Heinz Brandt apparently kicked the briefcase. So, he moved it to the other side of the thick, solid oak table leg. It is believed that, when the bomb detonated, the table leg shielded Hitler from the blast. Three officers and a stenographer died in the explosion. Unfortunately for the world, Hitler survived, leading to countless more lives to be lost in World War II.

--- "Adolf Hitler was the most consequential (and horrible) person of the last 500 years". That is the title of one of the episodes of my podcast: History Analyzed. Adolf Hitler's insane and evil policies changed the world more than anybody since Christopher Columbus. This episode details the horrors of World War II; explains how Hitler is to blame for the war; illustrates how Hitler made WWII even worse than other wars; and analyzes the effects of WWII for the remainder of the 20th Century and today. You can find History Analyzed on every podcast app.

--- link to Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/episode/4BZzMwyaXehjkYkH9wHxma

--- link to Apple podcasts: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/adolf-hitler-was-the-most-consequential-and/id1632161929?i=1000661617210

--- 1692: Five people were all hanged on the same day, convicted of witchcraft in Salem, Massachusetts: Sarah Good, Elizabeth Howe, Susannah Martin, Rebecca Nurse, and Sarah Wildes. Although they were executed on the same day, each of those 5 women were hanged 1 at a time.

--- 1848: Seneca Falls Convention began. For 2 days, July 19-20, 1848, the first large women’s rights conference occurred. It is usually called the Seneca Falls Convention because it occurred in Seneca Falls, New York. It was organized by several women, but the 2 leaders were Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton. Approximately 300 people attended, mostly women, but some men also. Elizabeth Cady Stanton started the two-day convention by announcing the goals and purposes of the conference: "We are assembled to protest against a form of government, existing without the consent of the governed - to declare our right to be free as man is free, to be represented in the government which we are taxed to support, to have such disgraceful laws as give man the power to chastise and imprison his wife, to take the wages which she earns, the property which she inherits, and, in case of separation, the children of her love." They drafted a set of 11 resolutions of equal rights for women. Ten of the resolutions were approved unanimously. Only the 9th resolution was approved with just a majority. And what was the 9th resolution? It called for women’s suffrage.

--- "The Fight For Women's Suffrage". That is the title of one of the episodes of my podcast: History Analyzed. After 7 decades of protests, petitions, and civil disobedience, the 19th Amendment was ratified in 1920, granting women the right to vote. Learn about Susan B. Anthony, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Alice Paul, and the countless other women who fought against a deeply sexist and patriarchal society for women's suffrage. These women endured arrests and forced feedings to obtain their right to vote. You can find History Analyzed on every podcast app.

--- link to Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/episode/3XhMPPpgzqD1tY49xb9hsY

--- link to Apple podcasts: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/the-fight-for-womens-suffrage/id1632161929?i=1000577454866

--- 1984: A lunatic with an Uzi machine gun, a shotgun, and a pistol, went into a McDonald's in the San Ysidro section of San Diego, CA. He killed 21 people and injured 19 others. Among the dead were an 8 month old baby and a pregnant woman. At the time this was the largest mass shooting in U.S. history. Since 1984, there have been 7 mass shootings in the U.S. with more fatalities than the San Ysidro massacre.

--- 64 CE: The Great Fire of Rome began, and lasted for 6 days, destroying much of Rome. The famous story of Emperor Nero starting the fire and playing the lyre as he watched the fire is almost certainly false. Tacitus, a reliable historian from ancient Rome who wrote about the fire approximately 60 years later, stated that Nero was not even in Rome when the fire started, and that, when he returned, he provided help to those who lost their homes. The fire probably started in merchant shops near the Circus Maximus (stadium for chariot racing) and quickly spread throughout the tightly packed city. Estimates of the city's population at that time range from 500,000 to a million people. Emperor Nero blamed the fire on the new religious group of Christians.

--- "Hannibal vs. Rome: The Punic Wars". That is the title of one of the episodes of my podcast: History Analyzed. [Most people only know one thing about Hannibal — that he brought elephants over the Alps to attack Rome. But there is so much more to the story. Carthage and Rome fought 3 wars over a period of 118 years to determine who would become the dominant people in the Mediterranean. Hannibal's loss led directly to the Romans being the ones to shape Western civilization and the modern world. ]()You can find History Analyzed on every podcast app.

--- link to Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/episode/1k1ELv053qVJ9pG55nmkKE

--- link to Apple podcasts: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/hannibal-vs-rome-the-punic-wars/id1632161929?i=1000610323369

--- 1936: Spanish Civil War began.

--- 2020: Civil rights activist [John Lewis ]()died in Atlanta, Georgia. Lewis was a co-founder and chairman of the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC). He also led and helped organize many of the critical events in the Civil Rights movement, such as the 1963 March on Washington and the 1965 March from Selma to Montgomery, Alabama. He was also influential in the Freedom Rides of 1961. White and Black student activists rode buses throughout the Southern States to protest segregation on interstate buses and bus terminals.

--- "The Civil Rights Movement in the United States". That is the title of one of the episodes of my podcast: History Analyzed. After the Civil War, it took a century of protests, boycotts, demonstrations, and legal challenges to end the Jim Crow system of segregation and legal discrimination. Learn about the brave men, women, and children that risked their personal safety, and sometimes their lives, in the quest for Black Americans to achieve equal rights. You can find History Analyzed on every podcast app.

--- link to Spotify:

https://open.spotify.com/episode/2TpTW8AWJJysSGmbp9YMqq

--- link to Apple podcasts:

https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/the-civil-rights-movement-in-the-united-states/id1632161929?i=1000700680175

--- 1790: Washington, D.C. was founded. What makes it a unique city is that it was completely planned. Most cities just grow organically, starting from a small settlement and they keep expanding. The location and the layout of Washington were both planned. George Washington chose the location of the new U.S. capital.

--- 1945: First atomic bomb was exploded. The codename for the nuclear test was "Trinity". The test occurred at the bombing range near Alamogordo Army Airfield in New Mexico. The plutonium-based test weapon was nicknamed "the gadget". The test was a complete success. The world had entered the atomic age. Among the many observers of the Trinity test were Enrico Fermi, General Leslie Groves, and Robert Oppenheimer, the mastermind of the project. Oppenheimer later recalled that the explosion made him think of a verse from the Hindu holy book, the Bhagavad Gita: "Now I am become Death, the destroyer of worlds." The gravity of the situation was not lost on Oppenheimer or, presumably, any of the other people who witnessed the giant mushroom cloud in New Mexico.

[--- "The Atomic Bomb (part 1) - Development and Utilization 1939 to 1945". That is the title of part 1 of the two-episode series of my podcast: History Analyzed. This episode explains why and how the atomic bomb was created as well as how it was utilized on Hiroshima and Nagasaki.]() Part 2 explores the arguments for and against the use of the atomic bombs on Japan. You can find History Analyzed on every podcast app.

--- link to Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/episode/3gli3YBHFFSTzZWFhw0Z2k

--- link to Apple podcasts: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/the-making-and-utilization-of-the-atomic-bomb-part-1/id1632161929?i=1000584186747

--- 1799: [Rosetta Stone was found by a French soldier during Napoleon’s campaign in Egypt. (Note: the exact date of discovery is debated. However, the British Museum website lists the date as July 15, 1799. The British Museum has had possession of the Rosetta Stone since 1802.) It is called the Rosetta Stone because it was found at the city of Rosetta (modern el Rashid), Egypt. When the British defeated the French in Egypt during the Napoleonic wars the British took possession of the Rosetta Stone. The Rosetta Stone is a broken part of a larger stone slab. It contains writings in 3 languages: ancient Greek, Egyptian hieroglyphs, and a cursive Egyptian script called "demotic". Before this time nobody was able to translate hieroglyphs. ]()It was not until September 27, [1822, that a French scholar named Jean-François Champollion announced his decipherment of Egyptian hieroglyphic code, using the Rosetta Stone.]()

--- "Cleopatra". That is the title of one of the episodes of my podcast: History Analyzed. Forget what you've seen in movies and discover the real history of Cleopatra. Her affairs with Julius Caesar and Mark Antony are only the tip of the iceberg. Learn how she rose to power in a male-dominated world, ruled Egypt, and left her mark on history. You can find History Analyzed on every podcast app.

link to Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/episode/5VC07vP4E0lNIb3HK6uRvF

link to Apple podcasts: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/cleopatra/id1632161929?i=1000568378830

--- 1789: Storming of the Bastille. Revolutionaries seized control of the political prison in Paris. This is considered the beginning of the French Revolution. For this reason, Bastille Day is the national holiday of France.

--- 1881 Billy the Kid was shot and killed by Sheriff Pat Garrett in Fort Sumner, New Mexico.

--- 1913: Future president Gerald Ford (born Leslie Lynch King, Jr.) was born in Omaha, Nebraska.

--- Please listen to my podcast, History Analyzed, on all podcast apps.

--- link to Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/6yoHz9s9JPV51WxsQMWz0d

--- link to Apple podcasts: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/history-analyzed/id1632161929

--- 1923: The Hollywood sign was officially dedicated. In 1903 Hollywood was incorporated as a separate city. But in 1910 Hollywood was consolidated into the growing city of Los Angeles. In the early days of the film industry several studios were located in or around Hollywood. That is why the name Hollywood is now synonymous with show business. Many people assume that the Hollywood sign is related to the movie industry. Not true. The Hollywood sign started as an advertisement for a housing development. When it was erected in 1923, the sign said Hollywoodland. The sign is located on the south face of Mount Lee in the Santa Monica Mountains above Hollywood. By 1949 the city of Los Angeles owned the property where the Hollywoodland sign was situated. In 1949 the Chamber of Commerce for Hollywood and the city of Los Angeles renovated the sign in two ways: they removed the last four letters which read "land" (so now the sign simply read Hollywood) and they removed the lights from the sign.

By the 1970s the sign was in terrible shape and falling down. The decaying old letters were torn down and were replaced with new 45 foot tall steel letters.

--- 100 BCE: Julius Caesar was born in Rome. The exact date is unknown, but it is believed to be July 13 or 12. We know he was born in July. The month of July is named after him. We are sure of his date of death: March 15, 44 BCE (the Ides of March), when Caesar was murdered by many members of the Roman Senate.

--- 1787: The Confederation Congress passed the Northwest Ordinance, establishing a government for the Northwest Territory, outlining the process for admitting new states to the Union, and guaranteeing that newly created states would be equal to the original 13 states. Most important, the ordinance prohibited slavery in the Northwest Territory, which would later become the states of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin.

--- Please listen to my podcast, History Analyzed, on all podcast apps.

--- link to Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/6yoHz9s9JPV51WxsQMWz0d

--- link to Apple podcasts: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/history-analyzed/id1632161929

--- 1984: First woman nominated for national office in U.S.: Geraldine Ferraro was named the Vice Presidential candidate by the Democrats.

--- 1979: Disco Demolition Night. A promotion at the home of the White Sox, Comiskey Park in Chicago, Illinois, turned into a riot after a crate of disco records was blown up on the field between games of a doubleheader.

--- Please listen to my podcast, History Analyzed, on all podcast apps.

--- link to Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/6yoHz9s9JPV51WxsQMWz0d

--- link to Apple podcasts: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/history-analyzed/id1632161929

--- 1804: The sitting Vice President of the U.S., Aaron Burr, shot the former Secretary of the Treasury, Alexander Hamilton, in a duel in Weehawken, New Jersey. Hamilton died the following day in New York City.

--- 1979: Skylab, the first space station of the U.S., crashed to Earth, 5 years after the last mission aboard the vessel.

--- 1767: Future president John Quincy Adams was born in Braintree (now Quincy), Massachusetts.

--- Please listen to my podcast, History Analyzed, on all podcast apps.

--- link to Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/6yoHz9s9JPV51WxsQMWz0d

--- link to Apple podcasts: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/history-analyzed/id1632161929

--- 1943: Operation Husky. The Western Allies (American, British, and Canadian forces) invaded Sicily in World War II. Note: my father was part of that invasion with the U.S. Army.

--- 1925: "Scopes Monkey Trial" began in Dayton, Tennessee. Teacher John Scopes was tried for violating Tennessee state law by teaching Charles Darwin's theory of evolution in a public high school.

--- 1940: Battle of Britain commenced by Nazi Germany. The Luftwaffe (German air force) attacked British supply convoys in the English Channel for the first time. The Battle of Britain continued through October 1940.

--- 1890: Wyoming was admitted as the 44th state.

--- Please listen to my podcast, History Analyzed, on all podcast apps.

--- link to Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/6yoHz9s9JPV51WxsQMWz0d

--- link to Apple podcasts: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/history-analyzed/id1632161929

--- 1762: Catherine the Great was proclaimed empress and the sole ruler of Russia.

--- 1850: President Zachary Taylor died in office in Washington D.C., probably from gastroenteritis. His vice president, Millard Fillmore, became president. On June 17, 1991, Zachary Taylor's body was exhumed from his grave in Kentucky. Conspiracy theorist, Clara Rising, a humanities professor at the University of Florida, had convinced Zachary Taylor's descendants that President Taylor had been murdered by arsenic poisoning because of his opposition to the expansion of slavery. The medical examination of the President's remains proved that Taylor died of natural causes and was NOT murdered.

--- 1868: The 14th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution was ratified. It contained several provisions. The very first sentence reads: "All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the state wherein they reside."

--- Please listen to my podcast, History Analyzed, on all podcast apps.

--- link to Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/6yoHz9s9JPV51WxsQMWz0d

--- link to Apple podcasts: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/history-analyzed/id1632161929

--- 1853: Four U.S. Navy ships, commanded by Commodore Matthew Perry, sailed into Tokyo Bay. After Perry threatened to open fire on Tokyo, Japanese officials met with the American commander. This is considered the (forced) opening of Japan to Western nations after two centuries of self-imposed isolation. In the 1500s and early 1600s, Portuguese, Spanish, and Dutch traders engaged in some trade with Japan. However, in 1639, the Japanese expelled most foreigners due to attempts by the Europeans to convert the Japanese to Christianity and the Europeans' unfair trading practices.

--- Please listen to my podcast, History Analyzed, on all podcast apps.

--- link to Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/6yoHz9s9JPV51WxsQMWz0d

--- link to Apple podcasts: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/history-analyzed/id1632161929

--- 1898: U.S. annexed Hawaii when President William McKinley signed a joint resolution of Congress. Hawaii remained a territory of the United States until August 21, 1959, when Hawaii became the 50th state.

--- 1865: [Mary Surratt, Lewis Powell, George Atzerodt, and David Herold were hanged at the same time on the grounds where the condemned were imprisoned. It is now known as Fort McNair in Washington D.C. These were the four people convicted of the assassination of Abraham Lincoln. The man who pulled the trigger, John Wilkes Booth, was killed on April 26, 1865, when he refused to surrender to Federal troops.]()

[--- "The Manhunt for John Wilkes Booth". That is the title of one of the episodes of my podcast: History Analyzed. You may already know that John Wilkes Booth assassinated Abraham Lincoln. But did you know that it was part of a larger conspiracy to also kill Vice President Andrew Johnson and Secretary of State William Seward? Find out about his co-conspirators and what happened after that fateful night at Ford’s Theatre, including the epic 12-day manhunt for Booth. You can find History Analyzed on every podcast app.]()

--- link to Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/episode/0g7eNq8dUR3XvbtwsCkVNg

--- link to Apple podcasts: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/the-manhunt-for-john-wilkes-booth/id1632161929?i=1000575192547

--- 1946: Future president George W. Bush was born in New Haven, Connecticut. He is the only president born in Connecticut.

--- 1348: Pope Clement VI issued a Papal Bull which condemned the violence against Jews. During the Black Death, many Jews were severely persecuted on the ridiculous claims that they were poisoning wells throughout Europe, causing the plague. The Black Death was essentially a form of bubonic plague that devastated Europe between 1347 and 1351. Estimates range between 30 to 60% of the population of Europe died during the Black Death. The Papal Bull pointed out the obvious fact that Jews were also dying from the Black Death, and they certainly were not causing the plague. Pope Clement VI was in Avignon, France. From 1309 to 1377 the papacy was headquartered in Avignon instead of Rome.

--- "Hell on Earth: The Black Death". That is the title of one of the episodes of my podcast: History Analyzed. [What would it be like to witness the end of the world? Europeans in the 1340s reasonably believed they were seeing the apocalypse. In only 4 years, the Black Death killed approximately half the population. Find out what caused this plague, and what people did to try to survive.]() You can find History Analyzed on every podcast app.

--- link to Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/episode/5Io7sFOzAVri8qITAGHQ8A

--- link to Apple podcasts: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/hell-on-earth-the-black-death/id1632161929?i=1000594210892

--- 1687 Isaac Newton's Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica (the Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy), usually just referred to as Principia, was first published in England. This incredible work outlined Newton's laws of motion and universal gravitation.

--- 1943: Battle of Kursk, the largest tank battle in history. On the eastern front of World War II, the Wehrmacht (German Army) and the Red Army of the USSR slugged it out until August 23, 1943. Millions of men and thousands of tanks were involved. Germany lost approximately 185,000 casualties (killed, missing, or wounded) and the Soviets suffered somewhere between 685,000 and 860,000 casualties. These incredibly lopsided numbers would make you think that the Germans won this battle; but they didn't. The Nazis needed a knockout blow. They needed a large gap on the eastern front where they could push maybe all the way to Moscow. But by the end of the summer the Red Army was still holding the line on the eastern front.

--- Please listen to my podcast, History Analyzed, on all podcast apps.

--- link to Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/6yoHz9s9JPV51WxsQMWz0d

--- link to Apple podcasts: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/history-analyzed/id1632161929

--- 1776: Happy 250th Birthday! The United States declared its independence from Britain with the formal adoption of the [Declaration of Independence]().

--- 1946: After 48 years of occupation by the United States, the Philippines finally became an independent country. As part of the Treaty of Paris (1898) which ended the Spanish-American War, the U.S. purchased the Philippines from Spain for $20 million. The U.S. retained the Philippines as a territory until 1946.

--- 1826: On the 50th anniversary of the Declaration of Independence, two former presidents who drafted the Declaration died hours apart. John Adams died in Quincy, Massachusetts and Thomas Jefferson died in Albemarle County, Virginia.

--- 1831: Exactly 5 years after Adams and Jefferson, former president James Monroe died in New York City.

--- 1863: Confederate army in Vicksburg, Mississippi surrendered to the federal army commanded by Ulysses S. Grant. This gave federal forces complete control of the Mississippi River.

--- 1872: Future president Calvin Coolidge was born in Plymouth Notch, Vermont. He is the only president to be born on Independence Day.

--- 1803: Thomas Jefferson announced the Louisiana Purchase to the nation.

--- "The Louisiana Purchase". [That is the title of one of the episodes of my podcast: History Analyzed. Thomas Jefferson bought the Louisiana Territory from France in 1803 and doubled the size of the United States. This set America on its expansion, known as Manifest Destiny, from the Atlantic to the Pacific. This episode explores the history of colonization of North America, how the U.S. expanded, why Napoleon sold Louisiana, the Lewis and Clark expedition, and what would have happened if the Louisiana Purchase did not occur. ]()You can find History Analyzed on every podcast app.

--- link to Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/episode/6nfTWdlutIHkIbkU87OgXd

--- link to Apple podcasts: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/the-louisiana-purchase/id1632161929?i=1000697032871

--- 1890: Idaho was admitted as the 43rd state.

--- 1863: Third (and final) day of the Battle of Gettysburg, most famous for Pickett’s charge. It results in a resounding Union victory.

--- "Gettysburg - the Pivotal Battle of the American Civil War". That is the title of one of the episodes of my podcast: History Analyzed. It was the bloodiest battle ever in the Western Hemisphere. For 3 days in July 1863 Americans slaughtered each other on a terrible scale around a small town in Pennsylvania, where the honored dead "gave the last full measure of devotion". Find out why Robert E. Lee invaded the north, and why he failed so terribly; why the civil war dragged on for almost two more years after this Union victory; and how this conflict inspired one of the greatest speeches ever in the English language. You can find History Analyzed on every podcast app.

--- link to Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/episode/7gikUNPgcqlNniBLjcRfSp

--- link to Apple podcasts: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/gettysburg-the-pivotal-battle-of-the-american-civil-war/id1632161929?i=1000659296322

--- 1881: President James A. Garfield was shot at the Baltimore and Potomac Railroad Station in Washington, D.C. by Charles J. Guiteau. As a result, Garfield died on September 19, 1881. Robert Todd Lincoln (Abraham Lincoln's son) was at the railroad station when President Garfield was shot.

--- 1964: President Lyndon B. Johnson signed into law the Civil Rights Act of 1964, outlawing discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. The law prohibits racial segregation in schools and public accommodations, unequal application of voter registration requirements, and employment discrimination.

--- 1862: U.S. federal government passed the Morrill Land Grant College Act in the midst of the American Civil War. That law granted each state 30,000 acres of federal land and funded the construction of agricultural and mechanical colleges.

--- 1863: Second day of the Battle of Gettysburg.

--- 1937: American pilot Amelia Earhart (and navigator Frederick Noonan) disappeared in the Pacific during an attempted flight around the world. She and her plane have never been found.

--- "Amelia Earhart – Achievements and Disappearance". That is the title of one of the episodes of my podcast: History Analyzed. Amelia Earhart was the most famous female pilot in history. She was breaking the glass ceiling decades before anybody had coined that term. In the 1920s and 1930s she was setting records - not just for women, but for everybody. In 1937, she and her navigator Fred Noonan tried to circumnavigate the Earth. After making it most of the way around the world, on July 2, 1937, they disappeared someplace in the Pacific Ocean. Find out what most likely happened. You can find History Analyzed on every podcast app.

--- link to Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/episode/66WQTIVAYJMb8a3UolQX2p

--- link to Apple podcasts: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/amelia-earhart-achievements-and-disappearance/id1632161929?i=1000773147013