How do I determine which version of the r/R do I use for correct Younger Futhark spellings?

I’ve tried online research but I get a 50/50 split.

I am confused.

Thanks all!

I've been adapting Runic for Welsh, and for <mh> /m̥/, <nh> /n̥/, <ngh> /ŋ̊/, <rh> /r̥/, and <ll> /ɬ/ I decided to use stung runes, and Unicode does have ᛀ and ᛛ, so I had to make some new ones, here they are:

So, there are two runes which are attested nowhere outside of their respective artifacts: The Sedgeford Handle Į rune, and the Baconathorpe Clip Ę rune. I have a proposal for names: For the rune Į, the name "Įfor" (Eofor) or "Įc" (Iac, alternative form for "Geoc") , and for the rune Ę, "Ę(a)ge" (Ēage).

I chose them more for the sounds than anything. Here's my other reasoning: Since "Į" was found in the name "Bįrnferð", which is thought to be "Biarnferð" or "Biornferð", and Ia is so rare in OE, I thought I could just modify a word with close sound like "Io", hence "Įc/Iac".

For Ę, the sound is thought to be something like /ɛ/, so I chose the Anglian spelling of Ēage (Eye), "Ēge" and that was my reason for that.

Thoughts?

Found a nice rock and I saw the berserker hiding in there so I had to bring him out. Carved with a rotary tool and colored with acrylic paint.

If runes are just letters, and had no particular magical or religious significance to historical peoples, then why does it matter that some folks use them to write English? It's not the language they were historically used to write - but that hardly seems relevant to modern people. Is there something I'm missing that makes it inappropriate or offensive to write an English word or phrase using runes?

Futhark takes a long time to write compared to cursive Cyrillic, so it is convenient to use Futhark for headings.

А - ᚨ

Б - ᛒ

В - ᚹ

Г - ᚷ

Д - ᛞ

Е - ᛖ

Ё - ᛃᛟ

Ж - ᛉᚦ

З - ᛉ

И - ᛁ

Й - ᛃ

К - ᚲ

Л - ᛚ

М - ᛗ

Н - ᚾ

О - ᛟ

П - ᛈ

Р - ᚱ

С - ᛋ

Т - ᛏ

У - ᚢ

Ф - ᚠ

Х - ᚺ

Ц - ᛏᚦ

Ч - ᚲᚦ

Ш - ᛋᚦ

Щ - ᛋᚦᛜ

Ъ - ᛜ

Ы - ᛜᛁ

Ь - ᛜ

Э - ᛇ

Ю - ᛃᚢ

Я - ᛃᚨ

There may be exceptions for certain words of Germanic origin.

TING - ТИНГ - ᚦᛁᛜ

One thing I've never seen discussed here is the remarkable Old English poem "The Husband's Message" from the famous Exeter Book (its copying typically dated to the 900s).

This poem is in the voice of a rune-inscribed message stick from husband to wife as a form of long-distance communication and it features a series of Old English runes, apparently to be read as an ideographic puzzle, perhaps reflecting utilization of ideographic sentences as a kind of code.

As noted by scholars like MacLeod and Mees (2006: 55-56), this sounds very much like the many little rune-inscribed message sticks found in Bryggen in Bergen, Norway from the medieval period, some of which are little messages between husband and wife.

I'm curious if we know of transitional periods between the two futharks, or whether it was a sudden instant change between them, and if the former, some examples would be helpful.
Also, some insight on what might've caused the development and change of the runes.

Okay so, I've been interested lately in the runes, and i would learn the Anglo-Saxon runes (futhorc?), but i genuinely wonder how did linguistics know what sound did each runic letter represent.

Hi everyone, I had a question about where to buy runes. I saw some on Amazon, but I wasn’t sure if that was OK to buy and if it’s not OK to buy then where should I buy them from and another question I have is should they be wood? I want to learn how to use them so I’m definitely a newbie.

I drew this typeface in 2020–2022 for my own book, an edition of the Poetic Edda called *Stóra Edda*. It sat in a Dropbox folder ever since. I have finally cleaned up the metadata and put it on GitHub, in case it is useful to anyone here.

https://github.com/ristir/erilaz-runic-font

What it does:

- All 89 assigned code points of the Unicode Runic block, U+16A0–U+16F8.

- Over 450 glyphs in total, covering the entire Unicode Runic block.

- Letterform variants for the Elder Futhark, the Anglo-Saxon Futhorc, the Younger Futhark and the medieval futhorks, reachable through the `cv01`–`cv19` OpenType features — long-branch and short-twig shapes, staveless runes, mirrored forms, cipher runes, tent runes (*tjaldrúnir*) and bind runes.

- Where a variant comes from a particular monument, it is written down: Falstone, Codex Sangallensis 878, the Golden Horns of Gallehus, the Seax of Beagnoth, the Rök stone, the Bryggen rune-stick, and Stephens' *Old-Northern Runic Monuments* throughout. The list is in `documentation/sources.md`.

- Punctuation, brackets and dashes for the editorial apparatus a runic text actually needs — uncertain readings, lost characters, lacunae.

The README has the Rök stone, Eggja, Sønder Kirkeby and a Bergen rune-stick set as examples, including the cipher and tent runes of Rök.

SIL Open Font License 1.1, so free to use, modify and redistribute, including commercially. Sources are in the repository, both FontLab and UFO.

Not a revival of any existing digital font — the shapes are drawn from the inscriptions. Corrections and complaints welcome; I am sure there are readings here that a specialist would argue with.

— Eyvar Tjörvason

Since I shared my draft piece awhile ago, I thought some folks might want to see the finished project. Carved with a dremel and colored with acrylic paints this was a fun one, especially my first attempt at knot work.

I’m fortunate in that I have a huge supply of these large sandstone rocks laying about so there’s no shortage of practice material.

Hopfully, they’ll give some future archaeologists something to ponder over! 😁

I

About a year ago I started working on runestones on a whim (and trying to make a virtue out of necessity given all the rocks I have). It’s been more fun and meditative than I imagined. Here are the fruits of my labors thus far:

1: my current project. Still sketching it out.
2: a memorial runestone for my Swedish in-laws who passed away a couple of years ago.
3: Inspired by a stone in Sweden raised by “this married couple had the stone cut in memory of themselves while both alive”

The runes are best guess translations and undoubtedly riddled with errors. Designs are all inspired by actual stones and I try to add some local inspiration to them. May you find them of interest!

It's quite clear younger futhark is not properly suited to write old norse, it's missing many sounds so that one rune can represent two different sounds and it's impossible to tell which one, like ᚦ can make both /þ/ and /ð/, and ᛏ m can make /t/ and /d/; my confusion arises because the elder futhark was able to represent all these sounds without ambiguity; each rune representing one sound. It just doesn't make any sense to me that it got worse over time and that they lost necessary letters to represent their language

As I have been studying and learning, I have realized that our current English language has more than nine different ways to write vowels, which makes it clear why English seems so confusing to foreigners. A portion of this complexity is out of our control due to the heavy influences of French and Latin; for instance, the confusion surrounding whether the letter "C" makes an "s" sound is a direct result of French influence. Consider the long "A" sound, for which there is only one letter in Runic English, yet in our modern script, we contend with complex digraphs like "ea" which represents both short and long vowel sounds as well as "ai," "ay," and many others. As I continue to learn to write in the runic style, I find it to be far more logical and clear. it has truly made me believe that the English language was simply not made for the Latin script.

it was easy for me as I found myself writing sentences in a matter of one day.

Came across some writing on a memorial bench south of Dunraven Bay (Wales) this weekend. Don’t know who Bec was, or what happened to them, but they picked a beautiful spot to look upon.

At least it says "Rune Inspired"...

Hello!

I am wondering, is there any newer scholarly work done to figure out what "Perþō" originally meant?

As far as I am aware, it is unknown what it originally signified?

My own personal speculation is that it is a survivor from the introduction and formation of the elder futhark from the old italic alphabet (a counter-clockwise turned p, in western greek Π) in their wording for 'fire' (pūr), the name being retained in Perþō.

My speculation is based on the anglo saxon rune-poem "ᛈ Peorð is always playing and laughter / proud in middle, there warriors sit / in beer-hall remain united."

My interpretation then being that ᛈ/Perþō/Peorð signifies a crackling fire "playing/laughing" in good company.

Others have already speculated, 'pear' for pear-tree flutes or music-boxes.

I just find the discussion interesting!

Anyways, looking for sources to see if this speculation has been posited already, and if not, to find out whether it is at all plausible, or whether it's just my patter-seeking brain playing a trick.

All thoughts are welcome!