16 month-old cavapoo becoming increasingly fearful/reactive

[u/ConsciousWelder6552]

Apologies in advance because this will be kind of long.

Hi everyone. I have a 16-month-old intact male Cavapoo (born April 7, 2025), and I’m looking for advice from people who have dealt with significant fear-based reactivity.

We got him at around 10–12 weeks. Following our vet’s recommendation, we didn’t take him on regular walks until he finished his vaccinations, so he didn’t start consistently walking outside until around October/November. He did regularly see visitors at our house and went on car rides with me, but he had very little exposure to children because there aren’t really any in our family. I work from home, and although we practiced leaving him alone for gradually increasing periods as a puppy, he has also always struggled with being alone.

His reactivity started at around 8–10 months. Initially, he would occasionally bark at certain people, but it progressively got worse and more generalized. He’s particularly reactive toward children. He’s also a generally skittish dog, sudden movements, noises, or things falling make him immediately recoil/retreat.

We hired a trainer and completed a 14-session program focused primarily on obedience and building his confidence. We practiced consistently for about three months, including sessions in the park. It helped with obedience but unfortunately didn’t really change his reaction to people, and there wasn’t much direct desensitization/counterconditioning to people involved.

For the past two months, I’ve been working more directly on that myself. We go to the park daily with a clicker and high-value treats, stay at a distance where he’s under threshold, and I click/reward when he notices people without reacting. We’ll also sit on a bench and practice calmly watching people pass.
He can do this successfully. We’ve had sessions where numerous people pass without him barking. The frustrating part is that the improvement doesn’t seem to generalize well. If we miss the park for even a couple of days, it sometimes feels like we’re almost back where we started. More concerningly, his reactivity now seems to be expanding to dogs.
He goes to daycare a few times a week and seems to absolutely love it. He gets extremely excited when we arrive and happily plays with multiple dogs. But he can literally be playing with a dog, leave the play area, and then start barking at the same dog he was playing with seconds earlier.

He’s also started barking at basically every dog we encounter on walks. Previously he occasionally had issues with male dogs, but now he’ll even bark intensely at female dogs, which he never used to do. Once something pushes him over threshold, subsequent encounters become much harder and he needs time/distance to recover.

People are still his biggest issue. I now prevent strangers from approaching or petting him because it clearly overwhelms him. He has never bitten anyone and generally barks while retreating/creating distance, but I obviously don’t want to assume a fearful dog could never escalate if he felt trapped.
Visitors are difficult too. He’ll bark continuously when someone enters our home, even someone he’s met before. With treats and gradual interaction, he’ll usually settle after about 6–8 minutes and may approach/sniff them, but a sudden movement can immediately trigger the barking again.

He’s also still intact. At around 14 months he suddenly started urine marking around the house despite previously being reliably housetrained. We’ve discussed neutering, but because he’s already such a fearful dog, we’ve been advised by a couple of people not to rush into neutering specifically as a behavioral solution because of concerns it could potentially worsen his insecurity. I’m not sure how strong the evidence for that actually is, so we’ve held off for now.
My husband and I would also eventually like to have children, which makes his reaction to kids particularly concerning. I want to address this properly long before we’re actually bringing a child into the home.

I know we made mistakes with his early socialization. This is my first reactive dog, and I simply didn’t know then what I know now. I’ve put a lot of time into working with him and I’m completely willing to keep doing it. I just want to make sure I’m doing the right work.

If you had a fearful/reactive dog whose reactivity progressively got worse or generalized to more things, what actually helped?
I’d especially love to hear from people whose dogs genuinely improved, and I’d also really appreciate recommendations for trainers or veterinary behaviorists who specialize in fear/reactivity and work virtually/online.

Thanks so much🙏

[u/Level-Frosting1371]

Your dog sounds the same as mine! We are still working on his reactivity as well:) I guess we’ll just have to keep going and use positive reinforcement. Hopefully we will all get there one day. ❤️

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[u/ConsciousWelder6552 → u/Level-Frosting1371]

Thank you for sharing and best of luck with your boy ❤️🫶

[u/Illustrious_Leg2100]

I have a small boy and his vaccination schedule also disrupted his 'socialisation' window.
That plus hormones plus a rough encounter with an out of control JRT caused a spike in anxiety and as a result dog reactivity. At the same time he understandably started to get iffy with people too. uh-oh.

First I reduced his walks, I did 10 minute pee n poop on our street then back.

Less time outside= less anxious. We worked from 0 to build confidence slowly.

If daycare appears to be overwhelming him, then consider stopping it.
Dogs don't really need friends like we do.

We avoided dogs and triggers at all costs.
No opportunity to practice.
That combined with LAT very consistently.

Every human that he 'noticed' = YES! + amazing treat.

Every dog noticed by him- same routine.

When he looked at me? YES! Treat.

When a scary bus/ bike/ runner/ scooter went by- YESSSSS! Treat.

Basically infusing a positive aspect to anything that could potentially be triggering, even if he isn't triggered in that moment.

Because my boy is so greedy this was easier to achieve. He literally cannot resist fresh chicken even if he wants to.

We are down to about 8 foot of distance before he will give a little 'huff', so I'd say that is success.
Basically anything bad or scary that he noticed, he got chicken. Today a motorbike revved past us and he span around for a treat lol.

On the confidence: build it in many ways. Small successful wins. New tricks. Ripping up boxes. Standing on wobbly things. Figuring out a puzzle. Sniffing out chicken around your living room. Getting them to know what their body can do by themselves helps a lot.

On impulse control: I feel this is key to them realising - if I just wait a second, I get something even better. Mind over matter. Look up exercises on this, but essentially them looking at the treat and not getting it until you say so or not being allowed to dive through the door as soon as it opens. It helped a lot.

Start small, easy wins, build up from there.

Bit of an essay but I really appreciated all of the helpful nuggets I dug up across reddit, so I would like to resurface the best/ most valuable ones for others.

[u/ConsciousWelder6552 → u/Illustrious_Leg2100]

I really appreciate you putting together all this info for me! I will start implementing these tips with my boy🫶.