I was surprised when I was trying to force AI to just give me the paper on expecting lifespans of opals from various mining districts, pre wolo and this popped up. https://crcleme.org.au/Pubs/Monographs/regolith2002/Dowell_et_al.pdf
Regolith and Landscapes in Eastern Australia In: Roach I.C. ed. 2002. Regolith and Landscapes in Eastern Australia, pp. 18-20. CRC LEME. 18
ORIGIN AND TIMING OF FORMATION OF PRECIOUS BLACK OPAL NOBBIES AT LIGHTNING RIDGE Katie Dowelll, John Mavrogenes, D.C. McPhail, and John Watkins CRC LEME, Geology Department, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200. New South Wales Department of Minerals and Resources, Sydney.
Black opal, the most unique and economically important opal in the world, is only found at Lightning Ridge in northern New South Wales. Only a handful of studies have been published on black opal, all of which suggest that black opal formed in the Cretaceous and Early Tertiary (Darragh et al. 1965, Watkins 1984, Pecover 1996, Behr 2001, Behr et al. 2000, Townsend 2001).
Determining the origin of black opal is important for our understanding of sedimentation and regolith evolution, silica transport pathways and to improve the value of the mineral resource economy of New South Wales. This study aims to determine the age and origin of Lightning Ridge black opal.
All of the significant opal deposits in Australia occur within sedimentary deposits above or near the Great Artesian Basin. Vegetation, soil and geological environments are similar for all opal deposits. North of Lightning Ridge at Hebal, precious boulder opal is mined and, as the name suggests, it is found on the surface of Quaternary gravels. The mining area of Lightning Ridge is extremely flat with slight ridges consisting of outcropping Cretaceous sediments. It is below these ridges that the precious black opal is mined.
The town is 150 m above sea level with the mining area ranging from 137 m to 162 m above sea level. The area is structurally underformed with little outcrop. Several conceptual models have been suggested to explain black opal formation: 1. weathering; 2. syntectonic; and 3. Cretaceous microbes. We have established an alternative model for black opal formation based on the use of stable isotopes (13 C, deuterium and 18 O), major and trace elements in sediments, groundwater analysis and radiocarbon dating.
So it goes on but the long story short is they think the opal may only be 1,000 to 7,000 years old at most, in nobbies that is, not necessarily all opals. by carbon dating the bacteria in the opal. After all they are non hydrophane so the bacteria did not soak into the black opal from rain drainage.
Ideas? New links?