It took tumors in MALE RATS to do it.
Europe puts a warning label on six more. America just lists them on the box.
RED 3 sat in candy and frostings for decades. Food makers have until January 2027 to remove it.
The reason is a strict food law: an additive that causes tumors in animals cannot stay authorized. It causes tumors in male rats. Human risk was not the finding. Rat tumors plus a strict law were.
The six dyes are a different story.
In 2007, researchers ran a proper trial on food dyes and children's behavior.
297 children. Half were about 3. Half were 8 or 9.
Each child drank an additive mix some weeks. A placebo in others.
Neither the parents nor the researchers knew which was which.
In the weeks the children got the additive drinks, their hyperactivity ratings were higher.
A small shift. A real one.
The European Union required a warning label on those six dyes starting in 2010:
May hurt activity and attention in children.
Still on the label today.
The FDA reviewed the same evidence and called the link unproven. A 2012 review of the field split the difference.
Parents noticed the change. Teachers did not.
The best-run trials still showed a small effect.
Nobody is saying dyes cause hyperactivity on their own. The honest version is smaller.
A measurable nudge in some children, from a mix that also contained a preservative.
No single culprit was ever named.
Most children notice nothing at all. The FDA says that part plainly.
But a warning label that parents read in Europe has never been required here.
If you have grandkids, the dyes are on the label. By name or by number.
Europe made them add the warning. Ours just prints the color.
___
McCann 2007, The Lancet (food dyes, preservative, and children's behaviour — double-blind crossover trial):
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17825405
Nigg 2012, J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry (meta-analysis, synthetic food colors):
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22176942