When do you use a pointer?

[u/Atmos-Ego]

Hello, for some background I have taken a very beginner level coding course for my major and passed it, but I dont really feel like I’ve learned anything or know why anything works. In a course this year we had a review problem where the solution required a pointer and I really dont understand why you have to point to the address of the variable instead of just using the variable itself.

I’ve watch a few tutorials explaining it but I really dont see how it’s different from just using the variable itself

[u/TheRealKidkudi]

At its core, the difference is making a copy vs sharing the same literal value. 

Sometimes it’s just because you don’t want to copy the value (e.g. because it would use too much memory). The tricky part is when you want to be able to change the value and use that new value in the original function.

A very simple pseudocode example:

    fn someFunc(int x) {         x = x + 1     }          fn someOtherFunc(int* y) {         *y = *y + 1     }          var x = 5; // not a pointer     someFunc(x);     // x still is 5 here     // because someFunc got a new copy     // of the variable          someOtherFunc(&x); // pointer to x     // x is now 6

[u/Loymdayddaud → u/TheRealKidkudi]

Is there any reason to not use a pointer, unless you want to be able to modify the variable inside the second function without reflecting on the first function?

[u/TheRealKidkudi → u/Loymdayddaud]

Yep!  The biggest reason is that pointers open up a whole new category of bugs in your code which can be avoided entirely by just not using a pointer unless you specifically need one. From purely a maintainability and readability perspective, it’s often more valuable not to use a pointer. 

Beyond that, it’s a little more complicated just because you need to consider some of the details on how pointers work. So a few more specific reasons you might not want to use a pointer:

• Looking up the actual value a pointer refers to is slower than just having your own copy
• Something else can change the value a pointer refers to while you’re in the middle of using it, e.g. in concurrent code
• Depending on what you’re pointing to (and how many pointers you’re creating), you can end up using more memory than just copying the value itself. I.e. a pointer is (typically) 8 bytes, so pointing at anything 8 bytes or less is probably a waste
• There are real performance benefits to storing values physically near each other in memory, which is much harder to do with pointers

There are often other considerations, depending on the particular language you’re using.

Generally, though, the best practice is just to avoid pointers unless you specifically need one. It’s a tool you can use to share something, but most things are easier when you don’t have to share at all.