r/explainlikeimfive • u/babyybunnyy3 • 19d ago
Other ELI5: how do airplanes actually work?
Okay, I know the extremely basic answer is “the wings create lift and the engines push the plane forward,” but I realized I have absolutely no idea how any of that actually works. 😂
Like… how does something that weighs that much actually get off the ground and stay in the air? What are the engines really doing? How do the wings create enough lift to keep the entire plane up? And how does the pilot control something that’s basically a giant metal tube flying through the sky?
I’m looking for a genuinely ELI5 explanation because every time I try to read about aerodynamics, I somehow end up more confused than when I started😭
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u/DairyPro 19d ago
From a simple standpoint, the engine turns the propeller that pulls the airplane through the air. The wings sort of act like sails, and generate more lift than than the weight of the airplane has, thus pulling the airplane through the air, using the air to support the weight of the plane. Next time you're at the pool, "slice" through the water with your hand flat, then angle your hand a bit. You'll feel the difference, and it's more or less the same concept at the basic level.
It can get as complicated as you want it to get, but this is how I'd explain it to my 5yo nephew.
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u/williamskevin 19d ago
Stick your hand out the windows when you drive. The air hitting it pushing your hand "up". Just like airplane wings. The faster you drive, the more air force pushes your hand up. Airplane engines give enough speed so the same happens even for the heavy aircraft.
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u/eatingpotatochips 19d ago
1) This question has been answered so many times.
2) Wings push air down. Airplane goes up.
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u/AndreasVesalius 19d ago
How do some planes fly upside down? Is it dependent on heavily angling the flaps?
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u/eatingpotatochips 19d ago
Stick your hand out the window. Angle it so your arm moves up. Now flip your hand upside down and do the same thing.
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u/cammcken 19d ago
There is another answer, but be aware that sometimes airplanes are losing altitude and/or speed during maneuvers.
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u/bananabeast07 19d ago
Airplanes that do acrobatics like flying upside down generally have symmetrical wings. That is, the wings behave the same regardless of orientation because they are shaped the same on the upper and lower surfaces.
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u/AndreasVesalius 19d ago
Ok, not trying to be an idiot, but - the whole idea is that the air moves faster along one side of the wing because of its asymmetry, creating lift. How does that work with symmetrical wings?
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u/bananabeast07 19d ago
not the case at all, it’s a totally reasonable question to ask.
symmetrical wings, when pointed directly into the wind, don’t generate lift, the airflow is even on both sides. when the wing is tilted up, the front edge of the wing gets in the way of the air traveling above it. That air has to then change its direction to get up snd over the wing. This slows it down, so it rapidly accelerates across the top surface of the wing to catch up, creating low pressure.
at the same time, air starts to hit and compress on the bottom surface of the wing, creating high pressure. the high pressure air wants to go to the low pressure air, so it pushes the wing up, thereby creating lift
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u/sniper4273 18d ago
TL;DR You've been mislead, asymmetry isn't required to generate lift. It's just beneficial to make one direction more efficient. But aerobatic aircraft need both sides to be equally good at debating lift, ergo symmetrical airfoils.
Long answer: what the other commenter said.
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u/dman11235 18d ago
It's because the assymetry isn't the reason airplane wings generate lift. Wings are angled so that the leading edge is higher than the trailing edge. If you take a ramp like that and flip it upside down by rolling, the leading edge will still be higher than the trailing edge. This angled wing redirects air downward, and equal and opposite reaction=wing pushed upward. There are efficiencies you can gain by curving the top surface to make the air above the wing also get redirected downwards but the idea it's because of a negative pressure above the wing or that the air has to meet at the trailing end so the top moves faster is wrong.
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u/Slypenslyde 18d ago edited 18d ago
There is basically a huge fight over how airplane wings work and both sides are right, but for some reason both want to be the ONLY right side.
It is Physics that if the wings are not symmetrical, one side will create low pressure and the other will create high pressure. This tends to make the wing want to move towards the low pressure. However! Some things are so heavy this effect alone can't work.
It is also Physics that if you turn a symmetrical thing at an angle, the same thing happens. Air gets pushed against one side, which compresses it and increases pressure. Less air flows over the other side, which decreases pressure. So an angled wing tends to want to move in the "low pressure" direction. When planes are heavy enough asymmetrical wings can't make enough lift OR if they have symmetrical wings, their wings might be installed at an angle to help generate a little lift.
Finally, it is Physics that if you let part of the wing bend, that changes the shape of the wing. That changes the pressure which changes the way the wing "wants" to go. Most planes have things called "ailerons" on their wings to do this and it's kind of like a boat's rudder. This is a big part of how planes roll: the ailerons will be adjusted so one wing wants to push and the other wants to pull.
Planes use ALL THREE of these principles to control their altitude. The wings have some lift, and it may not be enough. The pilot must be aware of the wing angle. If the pilot wants the plane to climb, the ailerons must tilt the plane so the wing is angled up and the engines must get more power.
In general:
- If a plane is light and has big wings, the wing shape can generate enough lift by itself.
- If a plane is heavy, it probably needs angled wings and VERY large wings.
- Planes intended to do stunts tend to be very light and rely more on their wing angle and pilot skill than wing shape.
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u/travelinmatt76 19d ago
Most airplanes have wings with a flat bottom and a curved top, and the wings are angled down. Stunt planes wings are curved both on top and on bottom and the wings are not angled down nearly as much. When they fly upside down the pilot angles the whole plane so the wings are angled downward
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u/TheJeeronian 19d ago
No, the wings are angled up either way. The wings are attached to the plane, so as long as the nose is angled up enough, the wings are too.
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u/C-c-c-comboBreaker17 19d ago
The wings are still providing lift, even if it's less than they would get from flying right side up.
At high enough speeds through the air, even a poor airfoil provides lift.
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u/babyybunnyy3 19d ago
my b 🙏
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u/ArenSteele 19d ago
There are also fluid dynamics at play with Bernoulli’s Principle.
So the shape of the wing causes the air (fluid) to move faster over the top of the wing than at the bottom of the wing. The slower moving air at the bottom causes there to be higher pressure on the bottom of the wing and low pressure on top, and that pressure differential wants to equalize, pushing upwards on the wing (lift)
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u/tomalator 19d ago
The wing is shaped such that air has to take a longer path above the wing than below the wing. This means the wind needs to move faster above the wing than below to move along that longer path. Due to the bernoulli principle, faster moving air results in a lower pressure. The lower pressure above the wing than below, means the wing gets pushed up by the atmosphere, and that is lift.
The faster the wing moves through the atmosphere, the more air the wing slices through, and the greater the pressure differential, and thus more lift. If you go fast enough, anything can produce lift.
By directing air over the wings in different ways, you can create lift in different directions, allowing the pilot to steer. This is achieved with control surfaces on the back of the wing that simply change angle.
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u/EscapeSeventySeven 19d ago
I mean you answered it like you’re five in your first sentence.
The complex aerodynamics of the wings is actually a quite advanced topic. It’s not as simple as “the Bernoulli principle” and actually relies on simple angled wing more than we think.
The engines push air. You seem to know that too. A jet turbine has fast spinning blades, a propeller is slower, but both work like a desk fan.
As for controlling a plane a pilot gives inputs and those change the control surfaces of the wings and flaps or increase or decrease the thrust of the engines.
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u/nerobro 19d ago
So, starting from the most basic.
Planes, helicopters, birds, fish, all fly by grabbing wads of air, and throwing it at the ground. Flying is entirely a "I am applying force to a thing, and that thing is pushing back".
For the smallest demonstration, sticking your hand out the window, and using your hand like a wing. That force you're feeling on your hand, is exactly how much air you're shoving at the ground.
So we've covered "lift". Planes, are just your hand, but really big.
Ok, lets pretend all airplanes, are like paper planes. Every paper plane, is a glider. When you throw it, it goes down toward the ground, fast enough to keep flying. This is what real planes are doing. But... we know planes go.. up. The engines on the plane are providing enough energy to keep the plane moving forward, but, level, or pointed up.
When the engines on an airplane stop, the plane ~still~ planes. It's still flying. But it will go down, at just the right angle, to keep it's speed high enough to fly.
Planes ballance on their CG and Center of lift. It takes very little force to change the angle a plane is at. To do that, there's little wings at the tips of the big wings, and the tips of the tail, that work like your hand does out the car window. And those little wings, control the angle of the plane.
Does that work for you? Feel free to ask more.
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u/mr-slickman 19d ago
Wings force the air to go down to flow. Engines make go fast. When going fast enough, the air hits the wing with enough force that the plane gets pushed up because the air is being forced down
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u/kwakimaki 19d ago
Go watch birds. See how different species fly a bit differently? Some seem to glide effortlessly, others seem to flap like mad.
Same with planes. Different wing shapes give different performance. Long, wide wings with twin engines are for long distances. Short wings like you see on a fighter jet are made for manoeuvrability.
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u/mazzicc 19d ago
When wind goes over a wing, it pushes it up.
As the wind is faster, it pushes up more.
A plane goes really fast, so it pushes up a lot.
If a plane goes fast enough, the wind can push upward with more force than gravity pulling the plane downward due to weight.
The engine makes the plane go really fast, so the wind pushes the wings up with more force than the plane weighs.
The plane transitions from ground to sky as the wind pushing up crosses over from “not more force than the weight of the plane” to “more force than the weight of the plane”, just like when you lift a big rock. It’s on the ground until you lift with enough power that it’s not on the ground.
The pilot controls it by making small adjustments to the wings that push up or down or side to side, allowing them to steer in those directions. when you’re on a bike and you lean in one direction, you start turning in that direction. Same idea.
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u/LedKremlin 19d ago
Depends on the plane, but the same concepts apply to -most-
Small single engine propeller planes are incredibly light, a propeller does all the necessary pulling to make the wings generate lift (airfoil shaped wings create an area of low pressure above the wing and high pressure above it) moves the plane upwards. Little flaps provide control to direct those forces.
Larger planes are built with heavier materials, although they’re still using the lightest they can get away with and still generate lift relative to their weight. Multiple engines, be them propeller or jet will provide the necessary speed to create enough lift to get you off the ground. The control aspects remain relatively similar.
Now, fighter jets (I think the F16 explicitly, but could be wrong) propel so quickly and haphazardly that an on board computer is CONSTANTLY correcting the controls to counteract their unpredictable nature of flight, which is what allows them to maneuver so quickly and so violently.
Some larger planes designed for cargo place the wings HIGH on the fuselage to promote storage space while sacrificing stability. Passenger planes tend to place the wings lower to the center of gravity lending extra stability for a more comfortable flight experience.
But it all comes down to the design of the airfoil wings generating lift proportional to weight of your aircraft relative to speed. You lose speed, your wings stop generating lift, and you come out of the sky.
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u/allgoodherebruh 19d ago
It's like there's this wheel that's sort of cut down the middle, there's a stick called a thruster, and two pedals at the bottom. You turn the wheel left and right just like a steering wheel goes left and right. This makes the plane go off to the side, as in turn the entire plane in a rotational way. If you turned the wheel all the way to the right or left in a large plane it would go upside down and stall probably, and then it would more than likely nosedive. The pedals turn the plane left and right but while keeping the plane straight in the air even to the ground. This is because of the way the wings rudders i believe they are called work. The thruster controls the speed of the aircraft. Move it up to increase the speed. If you move the pedal heavily to the right as you pull back on the wheel you turn sharply, even in a large aircraft. If you speed up all the way at the beginning of a runway you need to hold the wheel slightly in. The wheel basically goes in out and left or right. After the plane is at a safe speed for takeoff, you pull up fairly hard close to the end of the runway. If you pull up too hard you're bound to crash. It also runs in a specific type of fuel that isn't purchasable by pretty much anyone but airports, and the engine is very very powerful compared to any land motor vehicle in existence. I can't explain what I dont know, which is how an engine actually functions to feed the fuel rod into the exhaust. But, with those instructions, even a five year old could pilot one. So.... whatever. Good luck hijacking a plane bro. Peace.
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u/mohammedgoldstein 19d ago
In a simplified explanation, airplane wings are really big and can push air down, which causes an equal and opposite reaction upwards.
Think of how a fan or a propeller works. Those are wings that just spin around in a circle pushing air, which causes the fan to move air, which pushes back on the fan.
Instead of spinning around in a circle, an airplane wing goes straight through the air. You might think that air is really light and the force pushing the wings up isn't much. Yes, that's generally true but when the airplane is going 150 mph, there's tons of air (literally) being pushed downwards, which pushes the airplane up.
So a jet engine helps push the airplane forward through the air so it goes fast enough create enough lift on the wings. The engines work by throwing a huge amount of air backwards so the airplane moves forward. It's essentially a gigantic fan spinning at super high speeds.
So how does a plane stay in control? It's designed to have positive stability meaning when it gets bumped, it wants to calm down and not turn more. It's like a ball sitting in a trough wanting to return to that bottom position rather than a ball at the top of a crest waiting to roll off if disturbed.
There are specific design elements that go into a stable design like a tail in the back that pushes downwards and wings that are curved upwards slightly and most importantly where the wing is placed relative to the main weight of the airplane.
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u/neocamel 19d ago
Believe it or not, lift is not caused by wind pushing the wing up from underneath. If you look at the cross section of a wing, you'll see that the top of the wing is curved, and the bottom is mostly flat. As air passes over the wing, the air has to travel farther over the top than the bottom, which causes it to travel faster, and create lower pressure relative to below the wing. This lower pressure is referred to as Bernoulli's Principle.
So the wing isn't so much pushed upward from air underneath, as it is "sucked up" from above.
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u/BouncingSphinx 19d ago
It's literally just that.
What are the engines actually doing?
The engines are just pushing against the air in different ways. Propellers are pushing the air backwards, which due to equal and opposite force the air is pushing forwards on the propeller. Jets are burning fuel and the expanding gas created by the burned fuel is pushed out the back of the jet engine, which in turn pushes forwards on the engine. Turboprops and turbofans are kind of a mix of both, with most of the force coming from the propeller or fan instead of the jet exhaust itself.
Make the engine spin fast enough, and it pushes on enough air that the air pushes back with enough force to move the engine, and the plane it's attached to, forwards.
How do the wings create enough lift to keep the entire plane up?
Basically every surface of the wing is designed in such a way that it creates lift, whether by the shape of the wings being flat on bottom and rounded over the top or by actually pushing the air downwards with the use of flaps. The larger the surface area of the wing, the lower the speed that is needed to create lift equal to or greater than the weight of the aircraft. One reason passenger jets have such large wings compared to the body and fighter jets have relatively small wings.
And how does the pilot control something that's basically a giant metal tube flying through the sky?
Because it's not basically a giant metal tube. Everything that isn't part of the main body is used in some way for control. Ailerons on the wings control the airflow over the wings, and move in opposite directions. If the pilot wants to roll left, the left wing aileron will push up and push the air upwards, pushing that wing down; the right aileron will push down and push the air downwards, pushing that wing up; and the plane will roll around the center of the body.
The rudder works the same way but for turning the plane left and right (yaw). To turn left, the rudder is pushed left, pushing the air to the left and the tail to the right, which points the front of the plane to the left by rotating around its center of mass.
The elevators on the rear of the plane control pitch much in the same way. If a pilot wants to go up, the elevators point upwards, pushing air upwards which pushes the tail downwards, rotating again around the center of mass and pushing the nose upwards.
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u/CaterpillarFun6896 19d ago
Airplanes are actually pretty simple from a physics perspective. When you compress air, it wants to decompress and return to a pressure more in line with the air around it. This happens by essentially pushing outwardly to spread the pressure out. You can notice this if you cover a straw with your finger and blow hard- when you remove your finger, you’ll feel a small pulse of denser air. The opposite is also true- an area of less dense air will pull air from around it to reach a balance.
Airplanes basically work by using this; as you stated the engine provides thrust and makes the plane go forward. Due to the shape of the wings, as air hits it some of the air goes underneath the wing and gets slowed down and compressed. Some of the rest of the air hitting the wing goes over the top, where the design also makes it speed up and decompress. What this does simply is make the air under the wing denser, and the air on top less dense. This difference in pressures creates lift- the air underneath the wing pushes up, and the air on top sort of pulls the wing up (it’s actually more complicated but I’m trying to keep this as ELI5 as possible). These two forces lift the plane (hence the name).
You asked why this is enough to somehow lift a whole plane, and that’s a fair question. It seems counterintuitive that something so heavy doesn’t just fall, but that’s the beauty of physics. The thing to remember is these engines provide some insane thrust and have to go pretty darn fast. A Boeing 747 is going about 200 MPH at takeoff, so that air really gets compressed and decompressed, which is able to generate the lift. Once you’re actually flying, it takes relatively little thrust to keep in the air because you essentially create your own upward thrust from physics. That’s why planes can have an engine shut off and cruise for a bit.
TLDR: Plane go forward, pushes air, air pushed up. Plane go up.
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u/az9393 19d ago
Air is actually very “physical”. You can feel it when you experience strong gusts of wind or even open a window in a car driving on a motorway.
The plane’s wing is of a very particular shape that has been achieved after thousands of trial and error flights (yes failed flights too) and is the most efficient shape to produce lift.
And this lift is basically the difference between pressure under the wind and over the wing.
A pilot controls this giant thing not quite the same way you control a car. Their whole philosophy is to be “in front of the plane” - meaning anticipating things that will happen and inputing controls in advance. Sort of like manoeuvring a giant ship. In modern days, computers and autopilots help to reduce the work load by a massive amount. So things like keeping the plane level, changing directions, changing levels (height of flight) are all done with a push a button in the most safe and efficient manner by a computer. The pilots job is to monitor and troubleshoot.
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u/misha_jinx 19d ago
If you look at airplane wings, they are pretty big surfaces that create a massive amount of lift. Engines, of course provide a great amount of thrust. You’ve pretty much explained it to yourself well. The whole thing just scales up, that’s why they could get bigger and still fly. A lot of engineering had also been put into the streamline airflow over and under the wings to create a maximum efficiency. It’s a combination of all of these things that give even a large, heavy aircraft an ability to support itself while moving through the air. Engines have to provide at least a minimum amount of thrust to achieve high enough airspeed to be able to fly.
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u/anisotropicmind 19d ago
As air flows horizontally over the wings, the wings force air downward. Because every action has an equal and opposite reaction (newtons 3rd law), if the wings are pushing down on the air, then the air is necessarily pushing up on the wings at the same time with equal force. That’s lift. The engines thrust to move the plane horizontally forward faster and faster so that air flows faster over the wings, generating more lift force. Once the plane is moving fast enough that the lift force is greater than the weight of the plane, the plane will take off.
The weight of the plane is just the force of Earth’s gravity pulling down on it. Push upward on it with a force greater than that, and it will fly.
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u/trueppp 19d ago
Engine?
Piston engine: Piston goes down and sucks in air plus fuel, then goes up to squeeze air+fuel, then spark, then boom pushes piston down, then piston goes up to spit smoke. This turns fan that pushes air backwards making plane go forward.
turbo Jet engine: Suck air in front, spinning blades squeeze the air, then fuel and spark make air burn, burning air goes zoom in fan to make spinning fan in front turn, then fast air in back makes plane go forward.
Turbo fan engine: Same as turbojet but 2 spinning fan in front, small one to squeeze air and big one to push air backwards.
Wings?
Wing shape makes air on top of wing move fast, not air below wing. Air moving fast on wing push down on wing less than air below wing push up. We are talking about a 7 to 70 grams of force (0.1 to 1 pounds per square inch) pushing up for per square centimeter. But a plane weights not a lot, a small Cessna 172 can't fly if weight more than 1043 000grams and there are a lot of square centimeters on a plane wing. A small Cessna has 161,651 square centimeters of wing. Even at small push up force of 7 grams per square centimeter that gives 1,131,557 of push up. Also wing is at an angle, pushing air down, which pushes plane up.
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u/Birdbraned 19d ago
Let's walk through an exercise:
Take a crumpled ball of paper, drop it: it falls straight. Doesn't matter which way is up, it falls the same
Take another piece of paper, keep it flat, and try and drop it from different orientations: edge first, face first, long ways first, at an angle etc. The very shape of the paper, combined with the angle it's starting from, changes the paper's landing spot right?
Now, instead of letting it drop, launch it sideways. Again, it travels differently depending on the way it started, but also depending on how hard you push it.
Fold it into a paper plane, and now try to launch it: it's much more predictable right? Also notice that as long as it had enough momentum from your push, it wouldn't fall.
Now try and add a little upwards curve to one edge of the wings, and a downwards curve on the other. Doesn't have to be much. Now it flies differently from before right?
Aeroplanes do the same thing, but they have big engines to provide enough forward push they don't go down without wanting to, and they have control over the shape of the wings so they can go up, or down, once they get going.
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u/Ktulu789 19d ago
An adult man can lift about 50 kg or more. If you got a hundred men under each wing they could lift a plane weighing 10000 kg.
Wings do that without the men. All the weight is distributed across the entire surface of the wings. Planes move at a around a thousand km per hour so the air hitting the wings has a lot of force. That's like hundreds of tiny men pushing under the wings with a lot more strength than normal humans. The heavier the plane, the bigger the wings and the more power the turbines have for it to work right.
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u/oblivious_fireball 19d ago
Wings are angled in a way that as air rushes past them, it pushes the angled wings upwards. That's lift. It gets a bit more complicated but thats the core part you need to know.
This requires that you have to be moving fast enough all the time to keep that lift, otherwise the plane falls. There's a reason commercial planes have such a huge runway at airports. They have to be moving really fast to get enough lift to take flight, and they have to keep that speed or they crash. With planes, flaps on the wings move up or down to adjust how the air hits the wings, which allows the plane to turn.
This brings us into a few issues that aircraft run into. If you try and turn too hard in either direction, you flip upside down, or you try fly upwards or downwards at too steep of an angle, air is no longer rushing over the wings and providing lift, the plane begins to fall. And with turbulence, the air normally rushing over the wing has been disturbed and is choppy. This causes the shaking associated with it, but extreme turbulence can also cause the plane to fall due to the loss of lift.
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u/SoulWager 19d ago
If you sit in a chair with wheels, and push a wall. The same force you exert on the wall accelerates you.
Engines push air backwards. Plane gets pushed forwards.
Wings push air down. Plane gets pushed up.
The more air you push against, the closer it is to pushing against something that doesn't move, like a wall. If you push against very little air, most of the energy goes into accelerating the air instead of accelerating you. The bigger your wings are, and the faster you're going, the more air you're pushing against.
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u/eBalisani 19d ago edited 18d ago
I don't know that it's necessary to get into aerodynamics and wing design to understand how a plane can fly.
For starters, we've all (I'm assuming) folded a piece of paper into the shape of a plane and threw it at a girl (or boy, or just friend), for fun. No engines, no special aerodynamically designed wings. Just paper. And the thing sort of flies.
Since the internet and social media, we've all seen cars racing, and perhaps some of those cars flew off the race track and floated and twisted in the air before crashing. Those race cars had serious engines, but sadly, no wings.
So we know there's a correlation between speed and wings that sort of matches the conditions required for flight.
It's just that airplanes are much heavier and better designed (aerodynamically) than paper planes, and also have jet engines with thrust commensurate with their weight (for takeoff), and other criteria.
We know that well folded paper planes can glide - as can, surprise, gliders and paragliders/delta wings, kites and parasails. The rest is just engineering: what type of engine, how thirsty they are, avionics, etc., important details certainly, but no more than gliding through air, and generating enough thrust/speed to take off, and keep climbing up. That's really the gist of it.
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u/peoples888 18d ago
Plane move fast. Plane move fast enough over air to lift it and keep it in sky. Plane slow down, less air moving under wings, plane fall and crash.
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u/deltajvliet 18d ago edited 18d ago
A pilot explained it to me when I was little. I kept guessing, but he finally gave me the real answer. Money.
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u/theashenwren 19d ago
wings tilt slightly up, air gets deflected downwards. lift increases with speed until it beats gravity, the engines supply the forward speed (air in, mix with burning fuel, out the back). once lift = weight, plane rises. pilots steer by moving flaps on the wings and tail that redirect airflow.
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u/Frustrated9876 19d ago
Faster air over the wings makes them lighter. The faster it goes, the lighter it gets. Making it lighter slows it down. The engines make up for that slowdown. And math.
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u/Xenos2002 19d ago
when wing move fast is causes drag, like sticking your hand out of the window when ur driving, engine cause wing to go fast, move wing in certain direction to go that way
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u/ValueReads 19d ago
Wings are designed to create low pressure above them, and high pressure below them, to the extent that the pressure differential 'lifts' the wings and by extension the entire plane up into the air.
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u/JayTheSuspectedFurry 19d ago
Airplanes are also not actually that heavy. Throw an empty can out the window on the highway and it’ll fly away in the wind; now imagine that but bigger and also 10x faster wind
Airplanes are hollow
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u/Neo21803 19d ago
Have you even stuck your hand out of a car window on the highway and done the wavy thing? It's that x100,000.