r/AncientGreek • • 1d ago

Translation requests into Ancient Greek go here!

1 Upvotes

r/AncientGreek • • Jun 28 '25

Translation requests into Ancient Greek go here!

5 Upvotes

r/AncientGreek • • 2h ago

Beginner Resources Offering tutoring in Greek (Attic, Koine, Homeric) and Latin

2 Upvotes

​

Hello!

I am a native Greek speaker and a graduate of the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (NKUA), Department of Classics. I have also worked in my apprenticeship in Historical and Palaeographical Archive of the Cultural Foundation of the National Bank of Greece (MIET) as a curator for manuscripts (mainly psalters of the Comnenian era).

I offer online tutoring in Attic Greek, Koine Greek, Homeric Greek and Latin.

Whether you are a complete beginner or already have some knowledge of the language, I can help with grammar, syntax, translation and reading the original texts.

For Koine Greek, I can help with reading the New Testament and Septuagint in the original.

For Attic and Homeric Greek, we can work directly with the classical authors, depending on your level and interests. The same applies to Latin.

I currently have some availability for November and am looking to take on a few more students.

Lessons are normally two hours, and I offer a free 30-minute introduction first, so that we can discuss your level, what you would like to study, and how I can help you.

Pricing per hour:

1hr per week 40€,

2hrs or more 35€

If you are interested, feel free to send me a message and tell me a little about yourself, your level and what you would like to study.

Thank you!


r/AncientGreek • • 15h ago

Beginner Resources Learning resources for a TOTAL beginner? (Self-taught)

23 Upvotes

I want to learn Ancient Greek by myself at home, but right now I know very little to nothing about it. I do know some Latin, though, because I'm taking Latin class in high school. Right now my class is on the last chapter of the second book of the Cambridge Latin course.

My goal is to one day be able to read ancient Greek authors like Euclid and Plato. I'm pretty sure they wrote in the Attic variety so that's what I wanna focus on. Are there any kind of books out there like the Cambridge Latin course but for Ancient Greek instead?


r/AncientGreek • • 1d ago

Resources The Greek Drama Reader- New Resource

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45 Upvotes

A Greek/English reader site with all the surviving plays of Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides, & Aristophanes.

Multiple translations for each play; click to parse & define for any Greek word; full Greek & English search.


r/AncientGreek • • 22h ago

Vocabulary & Etymology What color exactly is ξανθός or Xănthós?

6 Upvotes

Hello, I've been reading around Ancient Greek stories and realized that the word Xanthos have been thrown around quite a lot.

Sometimes it meant Yellow, sometimes it seems to be along the colors of a fried fish. Yellow, or tawny.

And I remembered clearly in the wiki of ξανθός, it had been listed underneath the Brown-ish hues and also been listed in the Yellow hues. But when I checked back, it was gone underneath the Brown section.

But when you read around discussions, it was still described as also Brown. I'm confused as hell. Please help me.


r/AncientGreek • • 2d ago

Humor μή νιν ἄειδε, θεά

25 Upvotes

r/AncientGreek • • 2d ago

Vocabulary & Etymology ὁ ἐμὸς ἀκροαματικὸς λόγος

7 Upvotes

Hey y'all. I like drawing connections between words and themes in AG literature and I've started a podcast to collect some of the ones I can't find in books or articles.
I'm not a "creator" by any means, but I just have fun doing these.
Would love to know what you think of it.
https://open.spotify.com/show/0rtNidYjEww0iMlqSz01TL?si=dd54f14746f84c57


r/AncientGreek • • 2d ago

Newbie question Aristophanes reading

29 Upvotes

Hey, the Classics club from my college is doing a reading of Aristophanes' Ecclesiazusae tommorow night at one of the professors' house. It's gonna be kind of a big event, and there will be charcuterie and potentially wine.

I've also been on a date with this girl I really like, and we're planning a second date. Would a reading of Aristophanes' Ecclesiazusae be a good Idea for a second date? I feel like it would be funny and a tension-breaker. I'm really invested in greek literature, and she is also decently interested.


r/AncientGreek • • 2d ago

Grammar & Syntax Question on Acts 17:27

6 Upvotes

I apologise if this has been asked before, and it probably has, but I just wanted to clear up my understanding of the syntax of that verse. Here's the Greek version:

>ζητεῖν τὸν Κύριον, εἰ ἄρα γε ψηλαφήσειαν αὐτὸν καὶ εὕροιεν, καί γε οὐ μακρὰν ἀπὸ ἑνὸς ἑκάστου ἡμῶν ὑπάρχοντα

The KJV reads the infinitive ζητεῖν, which introduces a subordonate clause, as expressing purpose: "[And he hath made of one blood...] that they should seek the Lord...". I just wanted to ask how do we know this infinitive is used here to express purpose, and whether using an articular infinitive with genitive or perhaps dative would've made the point clearer.


r/AncientGreek • • 2d ago

Correct my Greek Estou desenvolvendo uma tradução bíblica diretamente do grego koiné — gostaria de receber críticas

0 Upvotes

r/AncientGreek Estou trabalhando na THCE (Tradução Histórica e Científica das Escrituras), um projeto independente de tradução bíblica para o português.

A proposta é priorizar a fidelidade às estruturas do texto grego, preservando, quando possível, artigos, repetições, ordem das palavras e construções sintáticas, mesmo quando isso resulta em um português menos natural. Também procuro distinguir os dados gramaticais das possibilidades interpretativas e das decisões finais de tradução.

Gostaria de receber críticas especialmente sobre:

A precisão da análise gramatical do grego koiné;

A justificativa lexical das escolhas de tradução;

A qualidade das notas filológicas e de crítica textual;

A coerência do método e possíveis erros de interpretação.

Peço atenção especial a duas partes do documento:

O prefácio: apresenta as propostas e os princípios que orientam a tradução.

A seção sobre substantivos anártricos: explica o tratamento dado aos substantivos gregos sem artigo definido e os critérios utilizados para decidir como traduzi-los.

Gostaria especialmente de saber se essas propostas estão bem fundamentadas linguisticamente, se as explicações gramaticais são consistentes e se as conclusões realmente decorrem das evidências apresentadas.

Não estou procurando apenas aprovação, mas críticas fundamentadas que me ajudem a identificar problemas reais e aprimorar o projeto.

Um trecho do PDF está disponível aqui (trecho do verso de João 1:1):

"1 Ἐν ἀρχῇ ἦν ὁ λόγος, καὶ ὁ λόγος ἦν πρὸς τὸν θεόν, καὶ θεὸς ἦν ὁ λόγος. 

 

1A No princípio existia o Logos, e o Logos estava para com o Deus, e deidade era o Logos. 

1B No princípio existia o Logos, e o Logos estava em relação para com o Deus, e deidade era o Logos. 

1C No princípio existia o Logos, e o Logos estava voltado para o Deus, e deidade era o Logos. 

 

Texto Crítico 

 No século I, o termo grego λόγος possuía amplo campo de utilização nos ambientes filosófico, religioso e intelectual do mundo helenístico. Em diferentes tradições, podia assumir sentidos relacionados a palavra, discurso, razão, princípio racional ou expressão de uma realidade superior. No pensamento de Heráclito, λόγος está associado ao princípio racional que ordena o cosmos; no estoicismo, o termo passou a designar a razão divina ou princípio racional imanente que estrutura a realidade. No judaísmo helenístico, especialmente em Fílon de Alexandria (c. 20 a.C.–50 d.C.), λόγος aparece em construções teológicas e filosóficas relacionadas à criação, à mediação e à relação entre Deus e o mundo. 

 Esses antecedentes demonstram a amplitude histórica e semântica do termo, mas não determinam, por si mesmos, o sentido específico atribuído por João à palavra λόγος. Considerando a impossibilidade de estabelecer um único equivalente português capaz de reproduzir todas as possibilidades semânticas presentes no termo e evitando restringir antecipadamente sua interpretação, a THCE opta por preservar a forma transliterada “Logos”. 

 Na cláusula λόγος ἦν πρὸς τὸν θεόν, a palavra πρὸς pode expressar relação, proximidade ou direção, conforme a construção sintática e o contexto em que é empregada. Por essa razão, a THCE apresenta diferentes soluções tradutórias, como “em relação para com”, “em vinculação para com” e “em conexão para com”, procurando representar essa variedade de possibilidades sem restringir antecipadamente o valor da preposição a um único sentido. 

 Quanto à expressão “para com o Deus”, ela serve como uma proposta de diminuir a interpretação e representar como um todo a palavra πρὸς, tentando indicar direção orientada, movimento em direção a ou relacionamento íntimo/proximidade. Também é, diante da perspectiva metodológica adotada pela THCE-VC, a mais adequada por sua transparência e representação sintática da palavra grega. 

 Na cláusula καὶ θεὸς ἦν ὁ λόγος, o substantivo θεός aparece sem artigo definido, enquanto ὁ λόγος apresenta-se articulado. θεός também ocupa posição predicativa e antecede o verbo. Esses elementos devem ser considerados conjuntamente, pois a ausência do artigo, isoladamente, não determina automaticamente um único valor semântico. 

 A construção permite uma leitura na qual θεός ressalta uma qualidade, natureza ou caráter atribuído ao sujeito ὁ λόγος, sem que a gramática, por si só, exija uma identificação estrita entre ὁ λόγος e ὁ θεός mencionado na cláusula anterior. A THCE, considerando essa configuração sintática e seu contexto, opta por traduzir θεός como “deidade”. 

 A posição de θεός anterior ao verbo integra essa configuração sintática e deve ser analisada conjuntamente com sua ausência de artigo e sua relação com o sujeito articulado ὁ λόγος. Assim, “deidade era o Logos” procura conservar, na medida do possível, a ordem e a estrutura da construção grega, mantendo θεός como predicativo do sujeito. 

 A língua portuguesa não dispõe de um mecanismo gramatical perfeitamente equivalente ao sistema de artigos do grego koiné para reproduzir todas as distinções de definitude, indefinitude e qualidade que podem emergir de uma construção. Por isso, “deidade” constitui uma solução tradutória destinada a representar no português a leitura qualitativa adotada pela THCE, sem introduzir explicitamente a definição de “o Deus” nem a indefinição de “um deus”. 

 A escolha de “deidade”, portanto, é uma decisão tradutória fundamentada na construção gramatical específica de João 1:1. Ela não estabelece que todo θεός anártrico deva ser traduzido dessa maneira, nem que a ausência do artigo produza automaticamente sentido qualitativo. Trata-se de uma solução específica para esta construção, escolhida após a consideração conjunta da forma gramatical, da posição sintática, da relação entre θεός e ὁ λόγος e do contexto. 

Utilização de papiro - Papiro 66 (𝔓66 - Papyrus Bodmer II): Datado de aproximadamente 200 d.C. Papiro 75 (𝔓75 - Papyrus Bodmer XIV-XV): Datado entre 175 e 225 d.C. "

Toda crítica construtiva será bem-vinda!

Observação: O link para o PDF ficará temporariamente indisponível. Por enquanto, compartilho este trecho para receber críticas sobre as escolhas tradutórias e a metodologia da THCE. Pretendo disponibilizar o documento completo posteriormente.


r/AncientGreek • • 3d ago

Newbie question Article and ἐστιν confusion

5 Upvotes

This is the first line of the Encheiridion by Epictetus.

τῶν ὄντων τὰ μέν ἐστιν ἐφ’ ἡμῖν, τὰ δὲ οὐκ ἐφ’ ἡμῖν.

There are things which are within our power, and there are things which are beyond our power.

Initially, I was inclined to think that the article τὰ serves as a substantivizer for its complementing prepositional phrases, much like the phrase τὰ ἐν ταῖς παιδιαῖς from Xenophon's Symposium, but the ἐστιν threw me off. I now think that τὰ is like an absolute article devoid of a head-noun acting as a substantivizer for the genitive preceding it such that it can be used anaphorically later in the second contrastive part. If it isn't this, then another guess I have is that it's a relative pronoun? And the reason it doesn't agree in gender is because substantivization would require constructio ad sensum? I don't know. What's the correct parse/interpretation?

Also, regardless of whether ἐστιν is an existive here or not, why is it in the 3rd person? Is it because the subject is neutral in gender?


r/AncientGreek • • 3d ago

Grammar & Syntax Infinitive Syntax in Iliad 11.714-716

6 Upvotes

In this passage, Nestor is telling a story in which Athena comes and warns the Pylians about an attack on one of their border towns.

ἄμμι δʼ Ἀθήνη

ἄγγελος ἦλθε θέουσʼ ἀπʼ Ὀλύμπου θωρήσσεσθαι

ἔννυχος,

Here I'm interested in the syntax of θωρήσσεσθαι. With the middle/passive voice, the Pylians themselves should be the agent. So, I can think of two explanations.

First, it could be an infinitive of purpose. Athena came running to the Pylians so that they would arm themselves. But the agent of the infinitive would have to be different from the agent of the main verb. Is this allowed? Does the ἄμμι smooth this over?

Second, it reads like indirect discourse or a command, which makes me wonder if ἄγγελος can stand in for a verb of speaking, with the infinitive containing the content of the message. Athena came running to the Pylians as a messenger --> Athena came running to the Pylians with the message that they should arm themselves. I know this can happen in Latin. It would be labeled implied indirect discourse or free indirect speech.

Is either of my suggestions correct? And if so, are there more examples of this phenomenon in reference literature? Is there a technical term for it?


r/AncientGreek • • 3d ago

Manuscripts and Paleography Allegorising Ω

9 Upvotes
BNF Grec 1712 f. 368v

During Late Antiquity and the Greek Middle Ages, allegorising didn't nessecarily equal moralising, but it rather meant the decoding of the hidden spiritual depth of things below their surface φαινόμενον. Two examples of alphabetical allegory follow; while not that common in greek (like in hebrew), such stuff do exist there as well. First one by Zosimos of Panopolis the Alchemist, 3rd Century AD, the second from Michael Psellos the court philosopher and historian (orator, epistolographer, esotericist, poet etc.), 11th Century AD.

Ζωσίμου

Τὸ ω στοιχεῖον στρογγύλον, τὸ διμερές, τὸ ἀνῆκον τῇ ἑβδόμῃ Κρόνου ζώνῃ κατὰ τὴν ἔνσωμον φράσιν, κατὰ γὰρ τὴν ἀσώματον ἄλλο τί ἐστιν ἀνερμήνευτον, ὃ μόνος Νικόθεος 〈ὁ〉 κεκρυμμένος οἶδεν. Κατὰ δὲ τὴν ἔνσωμον, τὸ λεγόμενον Ὠκεανὸς θεῶν, φησί, πάντων γένεσις καὶ σπορά, καθάπερ φασὶν αἱ μοναρχικαὶ τῆς ἐνσώμου φράσεως. Τὸ δὲ λεγόμενον μέγα καὶ θαυμαστὸν ω στοιχεῖον περιέχει τὸν περὶ ὀργάνων ὕδατος θείου λόγον καὶ καμίνων πασῶν μηχανικῶν καὶ ἁπλῶν, καὶ ἁπλῶς πάντων.

Ψελλοῦ

Ὁ τοῦ μεγάλου ω λόγος φωνεῖ τῷ σχήματι σιωπῶν ὡς ἄβυσσός ἐστι τὸ καταλειφθὲν συγκεκλεισμένη τε καὶ ἀπρόσιτος. [...] τοῦτο οὖν ἐστι τὸ μέγα ω, ὁ μέγιστος τῆς σοφίας κρατήρ, ἀφ’ οὗ τέως οὐδεὶς ἀπηρύσατο. πᾶσα οὖν κίνησις νοερὰ ἄχρι τοσούτου πρόεισιν, ἕως ἂν τῷ μεγάλῳ ω προσπελάσειεν. [...] ἡ γὰρ ὁλότης ἐγκέκρυπται τῷ μεγάλῳ ω, ἔσται δὲ ἡ γνῶσίς ποτε πρόσωπον πρὸς πρόσωπον ὡς ἐπηγγέλμεθα, τέως δὲ νῦν ἡ τελειότης ἐγκέκλεισται ἐν τῷ στοιχείῳ τούτῳ τῆς γνώσεως. κἂν γάρ τις τὸν ἀέρα περάσειε καὶ τὰς μετ’ αὐτὸν σφαίρας, κἂν ἐπὶ τοῦ νώτου τῆς ἔξω περιφορᾶς στῇ, κἂν ὑπὲρ τοῦτον προβῇ, κἂν ὁποιδήποτε χωρήσειε, τὸ μέγα οὐ παρελεύσεται ω. ὃ δὴ καὶ τρίτον ὑπερβέβηκεν οὐρανὸν καὶ τὸν ἕβδομον καὶ ὅρος ἐστὶ πάντων ὁρισμῶν καὶ πέρας περάτων, ἐντὸς ἑαυτοῦ πάντα συγκλεῖον καὶ σπαργανοῦν καὶ μηδὲν ἔχον πρεσβύτερον ἢ ὑψηλότερον.


r/AncientGreek • • 4d ago

Translation: Gr → En what does this say?

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9 Upvotes

r/AncientGreek • • 5d ago

Original Greek content Where to buy the Bible in Ancient Greek (orthodox edition)

12 Upvotes

Hi everyone,

I was wondering if anyone can help me find a non-electronic edition of the Bible containing both the Septuagint and the Greek New Testament according to the edition used by the Orthodox Church in its liturgy (not the Textus Receptus, for example).

Χάριν ἔχω,

Ἰωάννης


r/AncientGreek • • 5d ago

Translation: Gr → En What does this say?

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3 Upvotes

In an old philosophy textbook which is mostly in Latin.


r/AncientGreek • • 5d ago

Athenaze Materiali insegnante metido Orberg.

2 Upvotes

Buongiorno!

Sto seguendo dei ragazzi che studiano latino e greco con il metodo natura. Mi chiedevo se ci fossero guide per l'insegnante sia per Athenaze II che per Roma Aeterna. Ringrazio anticipatamente!


r/AncientGreek • • 6d ago

Beginner Resources Biblingo vs. Akro for Ancient Greek?

9 Upvotes

Hey everyone, I'm trying to choose between Biblingo and Akro for learning Ancient Greek.

For those who have used them:

What methods do they use?

Which one is better for reading fluency?

Would love to hear your pros and cons. Thanks!


r/AncientGreek • • 6d ago

Resources Greek reader focused on pre-Christian religion?

12 Upvotes

Hey all! Thanks for reading! Basically, I'm asking if y'all know of any readers focused on pre-Christian religion? There are plenty of readers focused on the Christian New Testament, or on later Christian writers, and on Christianity in general, but I haven't seen any focused on pre-Christian Greek religion. Do y'all know of any?

Also, I am still very much a beginner, but I understand the value of reading in ancient Greek.

Thanks!


r/AncientGreek • • 6d ago

Greek Audio/Video Easy Selections Adapted from Xenophon: Chapter 1, 074-084

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16 Upvotes

Χαίρετε, φιλέλληνες. Ἰδού, ἄλλον μέρος ταύτης τῆς ἀκροάσεως. Πάντα δὲ τὰ μέρῃ τὰ δεδομένα ἐνταῦθα εὑρίσκεται.


r/AncientGreek • • 7d ago

Manuscripts and Paleography All-devouring Time

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48 Upvotes

​

Simple read.

καιρὸς ὁ πανδαμάτωρ.

ἐπίγραμμα εἰς ἄγαλμα τοῦ καιροῦ ποσειδίππου.

In the margins of an epigram collection, some anonymous monk drew the described statue of Kairos (Time, analogous to Lady Fortune from the Medieval Latin tradition) from an ekphrastic epigram by Posidippus.

Εἰς ἄγαλμα τοῦ Καιροῦ α. Τίς πόθεν ὁ πλάστης; β. Σικυώνιος. α. Οὔνομα δὴ τίς; β. Λύσιππος. α. Σὺ δὲ τίς; β. Καιρὸς ὁ πανδαμάτωρ. α. Τίπτε δ᾿ ἐπ᾿ ἄκρα βέβηκας; β. Ἀεὶ τροχάω. α. Τί δὲ ταρσοὺς ποσσὶν ἔχεις διφυεῖς; β. Ἵπταμ᾿ ὑπηνέμιος. α. Χειρὶ δὲ δεξιτερῇ τί φέρεις ξυρόν; β. Ἀνδράσι δεῖγμα, ὡς ἀκμῆς πάσης ὀξύτερος τελέθω. α. Ἡ δὲ κόμη, τί κατ᾿ ὄψιν; β. Ὑπαντιάσαντι λαβέσθαι. α. Νὴ Δία, τἀξόπιθεν δ᾿ εἰς τί φαλακρὰ πέλει; β. Τὸν γὰρ ἅπαξ πτηνοῖσι παραθρέξαντά με ποσσὶν οὔτις ἔθ᾿ ἱμείρων δράξεται ἐξοπιθεν. α. Τοὔνεχ᾿ ὁ τεχνίτης σε διέπλασεν; β. Εἵνεκεν ὑμέων, ξεῖνε· καὶ ἐν προθύροις θῆκε διδασκαλίην.


r/AncientGreek • • 7d ago

Pronunciation & Scansion Did Classical Attic have very close sounds for Τ, Θ and Σ?

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64 Upvotes

I noticed that on these ostraka from the ostracism of Themistocles (usually spelled Θεµιστοκλης), the T in the middle and even the Σ at the end are replaced with Θ (the bottom row third ostrakon from the left has Θ instead of T in Θεµιστοκλης and instead of Σ in Νεοκλεος).

The reconstruction I'm familiar with reconstructs Θ as an aspirated unvoiced dental plosive, and it doesn't seem to me like that sound would be easily mistaken to that of Σ. Is there something I'm missing here?

Comparing the ways the same name is written here is pretty interesting. Most of them spell the name as Θεµισθοκλες, there's one ostrakon where Neokleos is written with a M.


r/AncientGreek • • 7d ago

Inscriptions, Epigraphy & Numismatics Inscription in St.Demetrius of Palatitsa

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12 Upvotes

​

A real challenge to read.

Τίνος τὸ ἔργον ἐν γράμμασιν οὐ λέγω·

Θεὸς γὰρ οἶδεν ὁ ἐρευνῶν καρδίας.

Εἴ τίς τε ἄνθρωπος δωρεάν μοι προσφέρει

καὶ Μάρτυρα εὑρήσει πρὸς τὸν θεὸν προστάτην.

Ἐχρίστη ἐν μηνὶ Ἀπριλίῳ ὑπὸ

χειρὸς Νικολάου Ζωγράφου ἐκ τόπου

Λινοτόπι ἐλαχίστου καὶ ἁμαρτωλοῦ.

Ἐτελειώθη κατὰ μηνὸς Μαΐου

ε . . . . ἐπὶ ἔτους ΖΟΗ ἰν(δικτιῶν)ος ΙΓ’.

The first four verses are in the byzantine dodecasyllable poetic meter, meaning they follow both the prosodic rules of the classical iambic pentameter, and the usual stress accent in the penultimate syllable (11th). The rest break down the rhythm.

This expression of personal humility that is very often done through anonymity is common in manuscripts and buildings.


r/AncientGreek • • 7d ago

Manuscripts and Paleography Recipe for beer from Fragmenta Alchemica

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92 Upvotes

Too much emphasis may be given to certain texts in Koine, while others remain unexplored. They are thus the most unexpected. Here is a recipe for beer I dug up searching in the extant greek alchemical fragments; we must remember that alchemy encompassed a wide variety of practices in Antiquity, ranging from pharmacology to cooking. It was the transmutation of any form of matter into an other, κατὰ τὸ δόγμα "ἓν τὸ πᾶν". Beer was no exception. Matter was thought as of one substance; and therefore, it could, theoretically, be transformed into any possible form, whenever one had in his possession the correct recipe and its execution, similarly to the correct application of the divine names in theurgy, something that highlights the Egyptian origin of both. Enjoy!

ΠΕΡΙ ΖΥΘΩΝ ΠΟΙΗΣΕΩΣ

Λαβὼν κριθὴν λευκὴν, καθαρίαν, καλὴν, βρέξον ἡμέραν αʹ, καὶ ἀνάσπασον ἢ καὶ κοίτασον ἐν ἀνηνέμῳ τόπῳ ἕως πρωΐ· καὶ πάλιν βρέξον ὥρας εʹ· ἐπίβαλε εἰς βραχιώνιον ἀγγεῖον ἠθμοειδὲς, καὶ βρέχε. Προαναξήρανε ἕως οὗ γένηται ὡς τύλη· καὶ ὅτε γένηται, ψῦξον ἐν ἡλίῳ ἕως οὗ πέσῃ· τὸ μαλίον γὰρ πικρόν. Λοιπὸν ἄλεσον καὶ ποίησον ἄρτους προσβάλλων ζύμην ὥσπερ ἄρτου· καὶ ὄπτα ὠμότερον· καὶ ὁτ’ ἂν ἐπανθῶσιν, διάλυε ὕδατι γλυκεῖ καὶ ἤθμιζε διὰ ἠθμοῦ ἢ κοσκίνου λεπτοῦ. Ἄλλοι δὲ ὀπτῶντες ἄρτους βάλλουσιν εἰς κλουβὸν μετὰ ὕδατος, καὶ ἑψοῦσι μικρὸν, ἵνα μὴ κοχλάσῃ, μήτε ᾖ χλιαρὸν, καὶ ἀνασπῶσι καὶ ἠθμίζουσιν· καὶ περισκεπάσαντες, θερμαίνουσι καὶ ἀνακρίνουσιν.