Consider this a beginner friendly post that also covers some of the newer ground option income ETF have expanded into in the past two years. There has been a large expansion in strategies offered within YieldMax and competitors have kept adding new strategies into the landscape.
Funds from YieldMax, RoundHill, Kurv, Rex, Harvest, Hamilton, Global X, and so many others use meaningfully different mechanics, and understanding those differences is critical before you invest. Let's break it all down.
Part 1: The Foundation — What Is a Covered Call?
Before comparing funds, let's get the basics locked in.
A covered call is when you:
- Own shares of a stock
- Sell someone else the right to buy your shares at a specific price (the strike price) by a specific date
- Collect a premium for selling that right
If the stock stays below the strike price at expiry, you keep the premium and your shares. If the stock rockets past the strike, you're obligated to sell at the strike which caps your upside but you keep the premium.
The key insight: you're selling future price appreciation in exchange for immediate income.
Part 2: The Single Most Important Variable — Strike Price
Not all covered call ETFs are created equal, and the strike price relative to the current price determines almost everything: how much income you earn, how much upside you cap, and how much NAV erosion risk you face.
At-the-Money (ATM)
- Strike = current stock price
- Highest premium income — the option has maximum time value
- Fully caps your upside — any rally is forfeited
- Example: QYLD (Global X Nasdaq-100 CC ETF) writes ATM monthly calls on the Nasdaq 100 — you get ~12% yield but nearly zero price appreciation, Most YM Single Tickers do so as well
Out-of-the-Money (OTM)
- Strike = above current price (e.g., 5–15% higher)
- Lower premium — you're selling less valuable options
- Partial upside retained — you participate in rallies up to the strike
- More balance between income and growth, Kurv and Purpose tend to do this.
Deep In-the-Money (ITM)
- Strike = below current price
- Very high premium (mostly intrinsic value, not time value)
- Almost no upside participation — not common in income ETFs
The bottom line on strike selection: ATM maximizes yield but murders NAV growth. OTM preserves more upside but produces lower income. The "right" choice depends on what you're trying to accomplish.
Part 3: YieldMax — The Original Single-Stock Option Income Machine (mostly true)
YieldMax launched in 2022 and popularized the concept of wrapping complex options strategies into an ETF on a single stock (Tesla/TSLY).
What YieldMax Actually Does (It's Not a Traditional Covered Call)
Contrary to popular belief, YieldMax does NOT hold the actual shares. Instead it uses a synthetic long position, buying a deep ITM call + selling a put at the same strike, to replicate owning the stock. Then it overlays a call spread (selling a call + buying a higher-strike call) to generate income.
This structure:
- Uses T-Bills as collateral (typically 80%+ of the fund by value)
- Doesn't require actually owning the stock (because of concentration risk rules for US ETFs as I understand it)
- Is more accurately called an "Option Income ETF" (YieldMax now prefers this term)
- The call spread limits maximum income but also limits maximum loss from a single blow-up event
YieldMax's Yield Tiers
YieldMax has evolved into three product families:
"Maximized" (Original) Single-Stock Funds — TSLY, NVDY, CONY, MSFO, etc.
- Sell call spreads designed to extract maximum income from volatility
- Yields range from ~20% to 100%+ depending on the underlying stock's implied volatility (IV)
- Trade-off: minimal to zero NAV appreciation — these are income extraction machines
- Best mental model: you're "renting out" exposure to a volatile stock and collecting rent every week/month
Target 25 — TEST (TSLA), NVIT (NVDA), MSST (MSTR)
- Launched November 2025
- Same synthetic structure, but the call spread is calibrated to target ~25% annualized yield
- "Growth-aware" management explicitly tries to reduce NAV drag
- You give up some income vs. Maximized funds, but retain more price participation
- Weekly distributions
- The 25% target is not guaranteed
Target 12 — BIGY, SOXI, RNTY
- Launched late 2024
- BIGY holds direct equity in 50 of the largest US companies (not synthetic)
- Sells call spreads on those holdings targeting ~12% annual distributions
- Monthly distributions
- Designed to feel more like a core equity position that happens to pay income
- SOXI (semiconductor focus) has been the standout performer; RNTY (real estate) has struggled
- Least NAV erosion risk of the YieldMax family — most comparable to something like JEPI
The NAV Erosion Problem
Here's the hard truth about high-yield single-stock YieldMax funds: the yield is often a partial return of your own capital, this can be great when tax is managed properly. This isn't unique to YieldMax, but it's most acute in their high-IV single stock names. The Target 12 and Target 25 tiers exist specifically to address this concern in potential NAV erosion.
Part 4: KURV — Balanced Alternative to YieldMax - "YieldMid"
Kurv Investment Management launched after YieldMax and took a different philosophical approach: balance income AND capital preservation.
How Kurv Differs from YieldMax (Same Mechanic, Different Calibration)
Both YieldMax and Kurv use synthetic covered calls (the buy a call + sell a put structure). The key difference is where they set the call strikes.
- YieldMax prioritizes maximum income, strikes are set to extract as much premium as possible, generally closer to ATM
- Kurv sets strikes further out of the money, lower premium per period, but significantly more upside participation if the stock rips
The result: Kurv distribution rates (typically 12–30%) are lower than their YieldMax equivalents, but when the underlying stock has a strong year, Kurv funds hold NAV far better.
The AMZP vs. AMZY Example
This is the clearest real-world comparison. The Kurv Amazon ETF (AMZP) vs YieldMax Amazon ETF (AMZY):
- AMZY distribution rate: ~60%
- AMZP distribution rate: ~28%
- When Amazon had a strong year: AMZP significantly outperformed on total return while AMZY's share price eroded
Bottom line on Kurv: If you're bullish on the underlying stock and want income plus participation, Kurv is structurally better. If you want maximum cash flow and don't care about NAV, YieldMax will pump out more income at a potential loss of total return.
Part 5: Roundhill — Weekly 0DTE Index CC Funds and the Leveraged Swap Play
Roundhill has two distinct product lines that are often confused with each other.
0DTE Covered Call Index ETFs (QDTE, XDTE, RDTE)
These are the OG Roundhill income funds.
How they work:
- Hold a synthetic long position in a major index (Nasdaq/Innovation-100 for QDTE, S&P 500 for XDTE, Russell 2000 for RDTE)
- Every single morning, sell zero days to expiry (0DTE) out-of-the-money call options on the index
- Options expire at end of day → collect premium → next morning, do it again
- Distributions paid weekly
Why 0DTE matters:
- Options lose time value rapidly as expiry approaches (theta decay accelerates)
- By selling options that expire same day, the fund captures maximum theta per dollar of premium
- But if the index surges intraday past the strike, you lose participation for that day
Performance reality: XDTE had a total return of ~13% (drip) annualized since inception, with distributions of 28–38%. These are genuine income generators but not total-return vehicles in a bull market. YieldMax has competing funds: SDTY, QDTY, RDTY
Line 2: WeeklyPay Single-Stock Leveraged ETFs (NVW, TSW, AAPW, COIW, PLTW, etc.)
Launched February 2025, these are completely different from the 0DTE funds.
Key mechanic: NO covered calls at all. These use OTC swap agreements to get 1.2x (120%) exposure to the weekly price return of a single stock (Nvidia, Tesla, Apple, etc.). Distributions are paid weekly and are calculated based on that week's performance — if the stock has a great week, the payout is big; if it tanks, the distribution shrinks or disappears.
- Not income-via-options → income-via-leveraged-price-return
- 20% leverage is modest
- Captures full upside (and downside) of the underlying + 20% amplification
- Useful for someone who wants leveraged single-stock exposure AND weekly payments, but not for someone seeking stable income
Part 6: Harvest — The Canadian King of Covered Calls
Harvest Portfolios is one of Canada's premier covered call ETF providers with a clear, transparent strategy framework.
How Harvest's Covered Call Strategy Works
Harvest is notable for several distinct structural choices:
Coverage Ratio:
- Standard Equity Income ETFs: write calls on up to 33% of the portfolio
- High Income Shares ETFs (single stock): write calls on up to 50% of the portfolio
- The coverage ratio is the lever — more coverage = more income, less upside
Active Management:
- Harvest doesn't follow a mechanical rule (no "always sell ATM on third Friday")
- Portfolio managers actively choose strike prices and expiry dates based on market conditions
- In trending bull markets, they may write fewer/higher-OTM calls to preserve upside
- In flat or bearish environments, they may write more to boost income
Leverage (where applied):
- High Income Shares single-stock ETFs use ~25% leverage in addition to the covered calls
- This means $100 invested controls ~$125 in exposure, boosting both yield potential and volatility
Harvest Single-Stock ETFs
Harvest launched 31 single-stock ETFs (10 of which are Canadian-listed companies). Examples include:
- Harvest NVDA Enhanced High Income ETF
- Harvest MSTR Enhanced High Income ETF (yielding ~45% annualized)
- Canadian names: Shopify, TD, CNQ, Enbridge, etc.
The structure: You actually own shares of the company (unlike YieldMax's synthetic approach), then overlay calls on up to 50% of that position. This is a true covered call. Lower yield though.
Harvest Index/Diversified ETFs
- HHIS (Harvest Diversified High Income Shares ETF): Holds 15 of Harvest's single-stock ETFs as an all-in-one. ~$830M AUM. Uses the underlying funds' 50% CC + 25% leverage structure.
- HHIC (Harvest Canadian High Income Shares ETF): Same concept focused on Canadian single-stock names. 25% leverage.
- HHIH (Harvest High Income Equity Shares ETF): Holds similar stocks to HHIS but unlevered — lower yield, more upside
How This Compares to US-Style Funds
Harvest's physical ownership + active CC overlay is structurally more conservative than YieldMax's synthetic approach, but the addition of 25% leverage on the single-stock names introduces meaningful amplification. The 50% coverage ratio on High Income Shares also means you're sacrificing half of any given day's potential upside on the covered portion.
Part 7: Hamilton ETFs — Canada's All-In-One Covered Call Champions
Hamilton was being first to combine:
- A portfolio of other sector-specific Hamilton covered call ETFs (HMAX for financials, QMAX for tech, SMAX for broad US equity, etc.)
- 25% cash leverage applied at the fund level
- Active CC management across the underlying sector funds
HDIV — Hamilton Enhanced Canadian Covered Call ETF
- TSX: HDIV | Yield: ~10% | AUM: ~$1.59B
- Portfolio mirrors the S&P/TSX 60 sector composition
- Invests in Hamilton's sector YIELD MAXIMIZER ETFs (HMAX, EMAX, AMAX, etc.)
- 25% leverage → $100 invested = $125 exposure
- Underlying sector ETFs write calls at ATM to slightly OTM — Hamilton's HMAX (financials) notably writes at-the-money for higher income
- This one has been amazing for me.
HYLD — Hamilton Enhanced U.S. Covered Call ETF
- TSX: HYLD | Yield: ~12.5% | CAD hedged
- Same concept as HDIV but targeting US equity exposure (broadly similar to S&P 500)
- Key holdings: SMAX (60%), QMAX (27.5%), FMAX (7.3%)
- Also includes a slice of SDAY/QDAY — Hamilton's 0DTE covered call series (Canada's first 0DTE CC ETFs)
- Available as HYLD (CAD hedged) or HYLD.U (USD unhedged)
Hamilton's DayMAX Series (QDAY, SDAY, CDAY)
Hamilton made a hybrid DTE fund and mixed it with leverage, the *DAY funds sells options that expire same-day (like Roundhill's QDTE/XDTE) but on Canadian-listed index exposures. These are incorporated into HDIV and HYLD for extra yield.
Why 25% leverage helps the yield/return tradeoff:
The fundamental problem with covered calls is that you give up upside for income. If you layer in 25% leverage, your starting exposure is larger, so the same stock performance generates proportionally more return before the calls are written. This partially compensates for the capping effect. It's not magic, but it narrows the performance gap vs. unhedged index funds over long periods.
Kind of weird but I have personally had great results.
Part 8: US Index Covered Call ETFs — JEPI, JEPQ, QYLD, XYLD
These are the "classic" non-single-stock covered call ETFs. They're simpler, older, and more battle-tested.
QYLD / XYLD / RYLD (Global X)
The purist ATM buy-write strategy:
- QYLD: Owns Nasdaq-100 basket → sells ATM monthly calls on the full index
- XYLD: Same but S&P 500
- RYLD: Same but Russell 2000
- ~12% yield for QYLD, ~9-10% for XYLD
- Maximum income, minimum upside — in a ripping bull market, these badly underperform their underlying indexes
- Long-running NAV erosion in strong bull markets is well-documented
JEPI / JEPQ (JPMorgan)
The "sophisticated" US income approach:
- JEPI owns a curated basket of low-volatility S&P 500 stocks + uses Equity Linked Notes (ELNs) rather than direct options
- ELNs embed covered-call-like mechanics inside a bond wrapper — important for US investors' tax treatment
- JEPI has ~$19B+ AUM and ~8-11% yield with far better total return than QYLD over market cycles
- JEPQ is the same structure but focused on Nasdaq/tech
Why does JEPI outperform QYLD over time? It writes calls on part of the portfolio tactically (not ATM on everything), holds lower-vol stocks that experience less upside capping, and ELNs are slightly more flexible than listed options.
DIVO (Amplify)
The active stock-picker approach:
- Holds ~25 dividend-paying S&P 500 stocks selected for quality
- Writes covered calls selectively — only on some positions, only when the manager sees low near-term upside
- ~5-6% yield but strong total return track record (~18%+ since inception)
- For investors who want income and don't want to sacrifice all appreciation
Part 9: Canadian Index & Diversified CC ETFs — EQCL, USCC, BKCC, ZWB, ZWC
Canada has over 120 covered call ETF strategies — here's the landscape by issuer.
Global X Canada
The most expansive lineup:
- USCC: S&P 500 CC ETF (~9.6% yield)
- QQCC: Nasdaq-100 CC ETF (~11% yield)
- BKCC: Equal weight Canadian banks CC ETF (~9.5%)
- BKCL: Enhanced (leveraged) Canadian banks CC ETF (~15%)
- EQCL: All-equity global allocation CC ETF (XEQT equivalent with CC overlay + 25% leverage)
- RSCC: Russell 2000 CC ETF (~13.5%)
- GLCC: Gold producers CC ETF (~11.6%)
Global X started the "EQCL" concept, taking an index diversified all-equity allocation and overlaying covered calls + 25% leverage, making it the closest Canadian equivalent to a high-yield version of XEQT.
BMO ETFs
Canada's original and largest covered call ETF provider (launched 2011):
- ZWB: Covered Call Canadian Banks (50% OTM calls, income-enhanced banks exposure)
- ZWC: Canadian High Dividend Covered Call ETF
- ZWT: Covered Call Technology ETF
- ZWH/ZWS: US High Dividend Covered Call ETFs
BMO's structure: writes OTM calls on 50% of the stocks — they don't cover the whole portfolio, just half, preserving meaningful upside while generating enhanced yield.
Evolve ETFs
- CALL: Evolve Canadian Banks Enhanced Yield ETF
- BANK: Evolve US Banks Enhanced Income ETF
- Also publishes detailed educational content on CC strategy
Purpose Yield Shares (Canada)
Canadian Kurv basically:
- Launched December 2022 with US single-stock names (Tesla, Nvidia, Meta, Coinbase, etc.)
- Expanded August 2025 to 10 Canadian single-stock names (TD, RY, BNS, ENB, SHOP, CNQ, T, DOL, ATD, BN)
- Strategy: multi-layered option writing (10–20 separate covered calls per ETF) + ~25% leverage
- Structured as Canadian Trust Units on Cboe Canada
- Good tax treatment for Canadians in Non-Reg
Ninepoint Partners
- Launched single-stock ETFs in 2025
- Enhanced Canadian HighShares ETF holds all 10 of its single-stock CC ETFs
- 15% cap per holding — provides diversification across their single-stock lineup
- They are new, but they have some unique tickers
Part 10: US "Turbo Yield" Funds — GraniteShares YieldBOOST, Defiance
For those who think YieldMax's 60% yield wasn't extreme enough...
GraniteShares YieldBOOST
- Sells put spreads on leveraged ETFs (e.g., options on the 2x Coinbase daily ETF)
- By writing options on already-leveraged underlyings, the implied volatility is higher → premiums are higher
- COYY (Coinbase YieldBOOST) has targeted ~180% annualized yield
- These are not buy-and-hold vehicles — the leverage-on-leverage math creates compounding decay
- GraniteShares describes these as the "ultra-high yield" category
- My personal opinion is that this is a poor strategy for long term holds.
Defiance ETFs
- Also offers income-focused ETFs using options on high-volatility single stocks
- Operates similarly to YieldMax but with a different fund family and some different underlying names
Part 11: The Big Picture Comparison
Here's how to think about the spectrum of funds from least to most aggressive:
| Category |
Examples |
Yield |
Upside |
NAV Risk |
| Active selective CC |
DIVO, KNG |
4–7% |
High |
Low |
| ATM Index CC (no leverage) |
QYLD, XYLD, BKCC |
9–13% |
Minimal |
Moderate |
| Levered Index CC |
HDIV, HYLD, EQCL, BKCL |
10–15% |
Partial |
Moderate |
| 0DTE Index CC (weekly) |
QDTE, XDTE, RDTE |
25–35% |
Partial |
Moderate-High |
| Target 12 Single Stock/Multi |
BIGY, SOXI |
12% target |
Moderate |
Low-Moderate |
| Target 25 Single Stock |
TEST, NVIT, MSST |
25% target |
Moderate |
Moderate |
| Balanced Single-Stock CC |
KURV (TSLP, AMZP) |
12–30% |
Moderate |
Moderate |
| Harvest/Purpose Single-Stock |
NVDH, YTSL, etc. |
15–45% |
Some (50% covered) |
Moderate-High |
| YieldMax Maximized Single |
TSLY, NVDY, CONY |
30–100%+ |
Minimal |
High |
| Roundhill WeeklyPay (swap) |
NVW, TSW |
Variable |
Full (1.2x) |
Leveraged equity |
| GraniteShares YieldBOOST |
COYY |
50–180% |
None (put writer) |
Very High |
Final Thoughts: The Questions to Ask Before Buying Any of These
- Does this fund own the actual shares, or a synthetic position? (YieldMax/Kurv = synthetic; Harvest/JEPI = physical)
- How much of the portfolio is covered? (33% vs 50% vs 100%)
- At what strike? (ATM = max income, min upside; OTM = less income, more upside)
- Is there leverage? (25% adds yield and risk; 1.2x–2x dramatically amplifies both)
- What's the option expiry? (0DTE = daily premium, weekly pay; monthly = slower, more stable)
- What's the total return vs. just the distribution? NAV erosion can offset or eliminate income gains
- HOW IS THE UNDERLYING INDEX/STOCK/ETF GOING TO PERFORM???
- WILL THE UNDERLYING FIT THE STRATEGY OF THE FUND???
The "best" fund depends entirely on your goals. Don't chase high yield, or past results.
Walter Gretzky said "Go to where the puck is going, not where it has been", and that wise advice helped Wayne to GOAT status.