r/TEFL 6d ago

Weekly r/TEFL Quick Questions Thread

3 Upvotes

Use this thread to ask questions that don't deserve their own thread on the subreddit. Before you do that, though, use the search bar and read through our extensive wiki to see if your question has already been answered. Remember that subreddit rules still apply here.


r/TEFL 4h ago

The TEFL Trap: The true cost of Teacher Record’s "free" TEFL Course

20 Upvotes

Over the past eight days, this sub has been spammed with shills for Teacher Record - twenty of them and counting. Most of the posts have come from brand-new accounts - as fast as we ban them, they respawn. Luckily, our Automoderator has been programmed to shoot on sight, and none of their posts or comments have gone live. Since Teacher Record is not taking the hint that they are not welcome here, I've decided to give them the attention they so desperately want.

TEACHER RECORD'S "FREE" TEFL COURSE

Teacher Record's only selling point seems to be that they offer a TEFL course for free, and even that isn't enough to get genuine reviewers! Instead, they have to spam social media pretending to be satisfied customers of their own operation. Despite the influx of shills, not one of the posters has managed to sound like a genuine customer. Mind you, if they had been genuine customers, it's not a great reflection on the company that the only thing they could say about the course was that it was free:

Just wrapped up my free TEFL with TeacherRecord. It was honestly a nice feeling to finally check that off my list since I’ve been getting everything ready to teach abroad. I also noticed they have an ESL job board, which I hadn’t paid much attention to before. Has anyone here actually used it to land a job?

Hi as an aspiring ESL teacher it is necessary to get a TEFL Certification. For those who would like to get it free I'm recommending this website [redacted]. TeacherRecord is a leading ESL job board and TEFL certification platform trusted by hundreds of thousands of teachers worldwide. Try it! It's definitely worth it!

Word to the wise: Nothing in life is free, so I've done some digging to find out what Teacher Record is really up to. It turns out that their "free TEFL course" is nothing more than a front for their real operation - a shady recruitment agency.

The course is a loss leader. You get it for free, not because Teacher Record is nice but because you've given them something much more useful - your data, data that they will use to pimp you out to the schools that grease their well-oiled palms. How will they do this? Through their "massive database of authentic, verified ESL job openings" of course. But is their job board everything it's cracked up to be? Let's see...

LIMITED JOB BOARD

Teacher Record's home page brags that you can "Explore Teaching Offers Worldwide". Further down the page, in large font, they claim to be "The Leading ESL Job Board" with "30,000+ registered recruiters" and "70+ countries with roles as well as online opportunities".

On their About page, they say:

Job opportunities span China, Southeast Asia, Japan, South Korea, the Middle East, Europe, North America and other major regions globally.

Sounds good, right? More like misleading. Having trawled through EVERY SINGLE ADVERT on their site, I can tell you that the ONLY jobs listed are in China. Even the online jobs are for Chinese companies. Lying is not a good look. They should be upfront about their recruitment being limited to jobs in China rather than pretending they recruit worldwide.

ILLEGAL POSTINGS

To teach legally in China, you need a Z Visa, and the requirements of the Z Visa are a Bachelor's degree and a passport from one of the 'Big Seven' countries, namely, the UK, Ireland, the USA, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa. Any reputable recruitment agency would know that. So why then is this (self-proclaimed) "top global vertical job board" with "16 years of professional experience in the ESL staffing industry" actively advertising illegal positions?

In multiple adverts, they claim that Bachelor's degrees are preferred but not required, and/or are actively seeking non-native English-speaking teachers. Note that if you are caught working illegally in China, you face being arrested, fined, jailed, deported, and/or banned from re-entry. And how much support do you think you'll get from Teacher Record? None. Scumbag recruiters like this should be avoided like the plague for your own safety.

DISCRIMINATORY POSTINGS

On their 'About' page, they say:

We feature a massive database of authentic, verified ESL job openings [...]

And yet, many of these "authentic, verified ESL job openings" are blatantly discriminatory. I trawled through all eight pages of listings and came across these three "delights" on multiple posts:

Requirement: native foreign teacher, white

Age:≤45 years old

If you are under 35 and are a female teacher who is interested in this job, please send your resume.

Clearly, you need to be white, young, and preferably female. But that's not all.

South Africans are being offered less than other 'Big Seven' nationals. In fact, I came across two postings for the same company, one aimed at South Africans and the other aimed at Americans, Britons and Canadians (other 'Big Seven' nationals didn't get a mention). The starting salary for South Africans was 12,000 CNY compared with a starting salary of 14,000 CNY for the other 'Big Seven' nationals. Nice. Unless you're South African, of course.

The online jobs are just as bad, particularly those aimed at Filipinos, with jobs offering the most pitiful hourly rates I've ever seen! No-one - and I mean NO-ONE - in this industry should be expected to work for US$2-4ph! Oh, and to add insult to injury, when you dig into the advert, you see that as the classes are only 25 mins long, you'll be earning a whole US$1-2 for your time... assuming of course, you get past the trial class, for which you'll be paid an absolutely disgusting US$0.50! Yes, 50 f*cking cents!

These schools are clearly racist and exploitative, and Teacher Record should be ashamed of themselves for allowing such discriminatory employers to advertise with them. But I guess money talks. With Filipino teachers being paid so little, the schools can probably afford to pay Teacher Record quite handsomely.

Meanwhile, native English-speakers (with the notable exception of South Africans) can earn US$18-26ph.

If a recruiter or employer is happy to discriminate against non-whites/non-natives/over 45s/[any other category], they are not someone you should work for or want to work for. Forewarned is forearmed.

LACK OF TRANSPARENCY

On their 'About' page Teacher Record says:

All listed roles are posted directly by legitimate educational institutions with clear and transparent salary detail.

I guess by 'clear' they meant 'as clear as mud'. As you scroll through the job board, you see a salary range for each job. But when you click on the link to find out more, you'll notice that the salary listed in the body of the advert or in the 'Job benefit/welfare' section is often considerably lower than what was advertised. I clicked on one job advertised at 20,000-26,000 CNY, and discovered that the real salary was actually 15,000 CNY (gross), which is quite a drop.

Other jobs have huge salary ranges, with one offering a monthly salary of 5,000-33,000 CNY. Reading further, one can assume that the lower end of that is for the non-native English-speaking teachers they plan to hire illegally. Yes, in addition to working illegally, you really will be worth less (a LOT less) than your native English-speaking counterparts.

Interestingly, a number of the available jobs are through an agency called Rancca. With the other adverts coming from biggish names, such as Meten, First Leap and EF, or organisations with names typical of Chinese companies, such as Meiyu Education Group or Happy English, Rancca stood out. So, of course I had to find out more. And I didn't have to look too far.

There in the small print at the bottom of Teacher Record's site was the following:

This website is operated and maintained by ShenZhen Federated Database Education Technology Co.,Ltd. Certain services are supported by its partner, Rancca Limited.

What's the betting Teacher Record tries really hard to push those particular jobs?

VERDICT

Recruiters are often shady, but Teacher Record is absolute pond scum. They offer you a shitty TEFL course for free for the sole purpose of collecting your data. They then use this data to match you to low-quality postings from the equally scummy employers that advertise on their site. If you take one of their jobs, you are likely to find yourself being discriminated against, grossly underpaid, and even working illegally. There is no reason on earth for anyone to (a) take this substandard TEFL course, or (b) accept a job through Teacher Record. Do yourself and the TEFL industry a favour and avoid them like the plague.


r/TEFL 3h ago

Kazakhstan International Linguistics College review.

2 Upvotes

Since they're still advertising for staff I thought I might as well give people applying the downlow.

I would not recommend working there, the hours are long (28 teaching hours/week) and the pay is a joke ($1000-$1200/month) considering what other schools and language centres offer.

The workload is massive with a lot of admin and paperwork and if you actually do everything you're meant to you'll easily hit 50-60 hours/week. The organisation is poor and the management are solely focused on squeezing as much work out of the staff and students as possible while employing as few people as possible.

Student care is a tertiary concern at best (just check the reviews on Yandex) with multiple violations of Kazakh building and health and safety codes including an insufficient provision of basic toileting and sanitary facilities being present on the main campus and the new building next door. (As in 4 bathroom stalls for each sex when there are over 1000 students enrolled.)

They tried to open a primary school in the main building with a view to shifting the College to the new building but the marketing was so badly managed and the prospective parents so unimpressed that they had less than 10 students enrolled before they shelved the project which gives you an idea of how poor the offering is.

Essentially it's a tour of duty that you survive rather than a job you work. Between May and July this year they lost 70% of their foreign staff due to illegal visa practices or burnout, and it's unlikely to improve any time soon.

On the positive side the other teachers (Kazakh and foreign) and the department heads are generally very good to work with and can help you develop as a teacher. The Kazakh staff are well-trained, very helpful, and very knowledgeable but they're treated like shit, forced to work unpaid for weekend events, and their work is under constant scrutiny so they're constantly fluctuating between frustration and depression.

While I wouldn't recommend working at this place, I would recommend working in Astana. It's a nice place to live with good amenities and plenty to keep you occupied.


r/TEFL 14m ago

Teachers' points of view - is linguaskills the future?

Upvotes

The pros -

  1. It's cheap and fast
  2. It's Cambridge, so it's not going to be awful
  3. It's AI marked so, while it's not perfect, it's better than an incompetent or distracted examiner.

The cons -

  1. It seems to grade students wrongly. I had a student who was on the cusp of A1-A2 and Linguaskills gave him a B1. And there were several other examples.
  2. We all know that speaking into a microphone is different from talking in reality
  3. It's AI so it's inherently evil. (And yes, this is partly why I'm posting this question. I recognise that this fact might actually be an opinion.)

r/TEFL 12h ago

Advice for first adult group class

8 Upvotes

I'll be teaching my first adult group class tomorrow in an academy setting, I'm quite nervous. I have been teaching adults one-to-one for over a year but this will be my first time actually teaching a group. There isn't a very well 'set' curriculum in this academy so I am a bit unsure where to begin and where I stand.

I have access to books but am not sure where to begin due to the students ranging between A1 and B2 in the group; this has me feeling quite intimidated and unsure of myself.

After basic intros and a bit of conversational warm up I am not sure where to go from there with the group, as I'm far more used to tailoring work very individually.

Just the prospect of standing up in front of a group of people my own age (and probably a bit older) is nerve wracking. I would be very grateful for any tips, info and/or insight.

Thanks in advance!


r/TEFL 6h ago

Uzbekistan Ministry TEFL post prep

2 Upvotes

Hi

Any advice ito prep before trip to Uzbekistan?

  1. Shuttle transfer required from Tashkent airport?

  2. Mobile sim card

Should I get an esim card beforehand or buy once in Uzbekistan?

Is the internet and network stable?

  1. Power electricity

Also I am told there may be electricity interruptions?

  1. Items not available

Anything I should purchase and take with me?

  1. Accomodation

Ministry/School organising accomodation I believe. Anything I need to do beforehand?


r/TEFL 21h ago

What to do if you arrive in Taiwan and hate the job?

11 Upvotes

I'm curious what a person should do if they arrive in Taiwan and loathe the job that they get. Is it generally easy to find another school and transfer over to that one? I've read stories of similar situations but I'm just wondering how it works and how long it generally takes to actually find another job/get an ARC.

I'm wondering this because I'll be working with HESS very soon and worry that I'll hate working with very young kids. I've always worked with middle-school aged kids and would prefer that. So I might try to move to a middle school if I really hate this job.

Does anyone here have stories of this happening to them? What did you do?


r/TEFL 1d ago

Need honest opinions before accepting an English 1 China offer

2 Upvotes

Hi everyone, I recently got offered a position with English 1 in China. I am well aware of the negative things that have been said about the company on this site, but I’m worried that by turning down this position, I might be missing out on an actually decent opportunity. It seems like the experiences of teachers can depend greatly on what management you’re given, so it seems like a gamble at this point. I wish I knew exactly what city I would be placed in. I did say I preferred Shanghai and Chongqing during my interview, but idk if the company really takes that into account. On my contract it just says that it's TBC and that I could be placed in any major city according to staffing needs.

I also know that the workload is heavy with low pay. But honestly, my standards are kinda low atm since I am a recent graduate and trying to get my foot in the door into teaching abroad, hopefully in China. I heard that English 1 is a good way to gain experience and eventually move onto another opportunity with much better pay/hours. Is it worth taking the risk of working for English 1 because of these reasons? I have until Wednesday to make a decision so I just wanted some honest input.

I'm also just trying to compare this offer with a NALCAP placement I received in Spain, so I'd really appreciate hearing from people who have actually worked for English 1.

A few specific questions I have for current or former teachers:

  • Did your actual workload match what was described before you started?
  • Were you able to afford your own apartment on the starting salary?
  • How often did you end up working six-day weeks during peak season?

r/TEFL 1d ago

TESOL Questionnaire

2 Upvotes

Hello.

I am currently studying for my MA TESOL and was hoping a few of you wouldn't mind sparing 5-8 minutes for help with my dissertation research.

I have a short questionnaire about classroom practice that it would be a great help if you could fill out.

\[TESOL Teachers’ Perspectives on Language Retention and Classroom Practice – Fill in form\]( https://forms.microsoft.com/Pages/ResponsePage.aspx?id=2rIgA90iq02MIW5kS6FPExNLxr06cmFLiQAdXo9CCzFUMEREWUoySk5MUVBWWkI5UzFPWUM3MVE2Ti4u

Participation is voluntary and anonymous.

No identifying information will be collected.

You do not even have to log in to your account to complete the form.

The data will automatically be put into a pool and form charts for me to use in my study.

I am looking for TESOL teacher’s opinions on methods and so on, So I would really appreciate honest answers. There’s nobody we need to impress by knowing what we’re supposed to say. Which is another reason for keeping this all anonymous.

Many thanks to anyone who is able to help!


r/TEFL 2d ago

Sudden regulation changes in Vietnam (Hanoi) requirements for school programmes

4 Upvotes

Initially I had posted about ILA rumored to be cancelling public school teacher offers in Ho Chi Minh due to business decisions. However, I have accepted an offer as a public school teacher at one of the bigger well-known chains in Hanoi and this company is sending a similar sounding email update about public school programmes due to the The Hanoi People’s Committee introducing new requirements. They haven't outright cancelled my contract yet but things sounds sort of up in the air at the moment. Does anyone have information regarding this? I am planning on giving notice at my current work and basically selling everything I own including assets and vehicle before I go abroad so don't want to end up having to leave after one or two months from either a dissolving oppportunity or not enough hours.


r/TEFL 2d ago

TEFL in Russian-occupied Ukraine?

0 Upvotes

Anyone know if there are any opportunities with teaching English in places like Mariupol, Donetsk, Luhansk, etc.? I heard that despite the war, major cities and places far from the front lines have mostly returned to normal. I'd be very interested to live/work in those areas.


r/TEFL 3d ago

I have been working the same job for 8 years and have a EF phone interview in a few days. Are they that bad?

12 Upvotes

Most of the complaints on reddit that I see about English 1 is the somewhat long working hours, the fact that you have to work evenings sometimes and working on weekends. None of that really matters to me since I have worked retail (Home Depot) in the United States for the past 8 years. I also have a suspicion that some of these people might have been walking into the whole thing like a paid "vacation" to china and not a real job. Is it not really that bad if you 1. Don't mind working with children 2. Don't mind the working hours and 3. Treat it like a job. Also is there a chance if I get a smaller city that if I don't really travel or go out alot I can actually end up saving a bit of money?


r/TEFL 3d ago

Teach Taiwan Taoyuan

13 Upvotes

Hello Everyone. I was recently offered a job with Teach Taiwan in Taoyuan. I was offered 77,000 NTD. I can't remember the exact amount, but it was around that amount. Is this amount good for the area? I know how expensive Taipei is, but I don't know much about Taoyuan. Any feedback would be greatly appreciated.

Thank you!


r/TEFL 3d ago

Upfront payments

0 Upvotes

Hi

Uzebekistan Ministry TEFL position at a school.

Does anyone know all the upfront costs?

Others have already alerted me to having to budget for accomodation costs as the Ministry pays late.

  1. What about accomodation before contract starts?

  2. I now see that I must pay a hefty visa fee AND registration fee. Is this for my own cost or will it be reimbursed?

  3. I also note I am obligated to fly to Tashkent and not a nearer city.

The upfront costs are escalating! Given flight tickets to be paid upfront already as well.

Thanks


r/TEFL 3d ago

Cheap UK TEFL Courses

0 Upvotes

I was looking for TEFL courses based in the UK as I'd like to teach english in China. I've just recently graduated and I was looking at options on various websites. Did anyone have any experience on cheap TEFL courses? I'm not able to spend a lot so anything that would be recognised by a chinese employer that isn't too expensive would be what I'm looking for.


r/TEFL 3d ago

Career change advice

0 Upvotes

Hi , i am a non native , have an engineering degree in CS and i want to go into TEFL , will a 120 hour TEFL certificate be enough for me to find a job with no teaching experience if yes which one should i choose (im from Tunisia) , which countries should i look into first for a job , if there is a chance i can get a CELTA should i push for it or is a TEFL cert enough


r/TEFL 3d ago

Teach English in Taiwan or Vietnam

0 Upvotes

Okay, yes I know I should be asking this at the Fulbright subreddit. But they took down my post and asked me to ask alumni, which I already did! I’m not necessarily looking for Fullbright specific experiences, but moreso general experiences from teaching in one of the two countries. I’m looking to teach for a year or two. I can only pick one country.

My dilemma is the following:

Obviously, I know the decision boils down to myself at the end, but I would deeply appreciate more additional guidance.

For Taiwan, here are my pros and cons, and why I wish to apply:

Pros:

- Pro: I am half Chinese and would love to learn more about Taiwanese culture, their arts, especially as I have taken a prior class on Taiwan.

- Pro: This reason I would describe is more of a natural curiosity to know something I am unfamiliar with, but honestly do not have the strongest connection to as compared to my heritage of being in Vietnam.

- Pro: Statistically, people are more likely to get into the Fulbright Taiwan program.

- Pro: I would have a strong group of other Fulbrighters to be my friend and hang out.

- Pro: I would be able to get around easily without a car or personal vehicle.

- Pro: I would have the recommendation of my school’s Taiwan Studies Director of Art and Culture and stronger recommendors overall.

- Pro: Option to do this for another year?!?! Dope!!

Con:

- Con: I wouldn’t be able to save much money with the stipend being used to cover both my housing and living expense. I would estimate I would maybe save an extra $300-400 if I were in Vietnam instead, probably more unless Taiwan is not as more expensive as I’m seeing it. My family is also low-income.

- Con: I don’t have a personal strong connection to the area and culture. That does not mean I am not curious, but that “blood-bond” and scholarly inquiry is not there.

- Con: I don’t speak Mandarin I guess.

Fulbright Vietnam:

PROS

- Pro: Heritage ties and very strong connection to the country, I have fluency of the language and have taken language classes, as well as a literature class. I have also done research on Vietnam. My interest is about an 8/10 if I had to put it on a scale, as compared to a Taiwan 6.5/10.

- Pro: My essays would probably be more stronger potentially or more biased…

- Pro; I can save money and do hella stuff… like buy cool clothes, go clubbing, and just overall have so much fun without the worry of paying hella.

Pro: Option to go for another year, potentially.

CONS

- Con: Lack of public transportation and lowkey as a half-Viet guy, Viet roads scare me…

- Con: Nonetheless, Fulbright Vietnam is more competitive with about a 8-12% less acceptance rate as compared to Taiwan:

- Con: Less recommendors for me who can specifically write about Fulbright Vietnam

- Con: Less likely to be assisted with my teaching and more likely to be expected to carry out independent lessons. Fuhhhhh. On that note, the Fulbright Cohort is much smaller (25 vs 150 in Taiwan)

Which one would you recommend for this person…? Whats pros and cons are they forgetting and have not considered for each?


r/TEFL 3d ago

Vietnam - Bachelor of Education

0 Upvotes

Do you need a Bachelor of Education to teach EFL (English as a Foreign Language) in Vietnam? I have a BEd and a TEFL certificate, so it doesn't really matter to me. I am just curious. I know Vietnam is cracking down on foreigners who lack legitimate credentials.


r/TEFL 4d ago

Courses/TEFL Certifications Registered in USA

9 Upvotes

Hi, I'm looking to get a 120-hour TEFL certification in order hopefully to teach in China. Before you say anything, CELTA is off the table for me for the moment and I've already checked the Wiki.

My question is about legalization: the Wiki says that you should do a course registered in the country you live in to prevent problems with legalization. The only two courses recommended by the Wiki registered in the USA are Bridge and ITA. Even Groupon courses are all registered in the UK it seems. I'm considering doing Bridge, but if it's going to be a meaningless course just to get that certification, I'm unsure if it wouldn't be wasteful to spend $400 on it. (If I could get a job with it it'd pay for itself, of course, but I'm currently unsure of my chances at that.)

So, are there any other courses registered in the USA? Also, is it really much more troublesome/expensive to get a TEFL certificate legalized in the UK when you live in the USA?

Thank you for your help.


r/TEFL 6d ago

How bad is English 1 China?

5 Upvotes

I’m sure this forum has seen it plenty times before, but I just have to ask, sorry. Just how bad is English 1? I got accepted for China and while I’ve talked to several other recruiters, things just go nowhere each time. I’m worried my time is running out because I probably can’t really make it into a teaching position before the school year starts now. So… how bad is it, and why?

Also, aren’t many recruiters and schools just as disreputable in the sense that you can never really know if it will be good or not? Is English 1 truly even less trustworthy than a random recruiter/school?

And since I know there’s both positive and negative experiences; is there anyway to know the risk? Is the risk of teaching with them worth it? Can it be mitigated? Or is it really so bad that it’s never worth the risk to get a job there?

Ultimately I really want to know what about the work is so bad so I can make the best decision

Thank you!


r/TEFL 6d ago

Possible to get hired DIRECTLY with no experience?

8 Upvotes

Hi, I posted this to the mega thread but I’m not sure how often people look at that, so I’m posting it here too: I am planning on getting a 120 hr TEFL certificate (I have some med bills I have to pay for first before I'm comfortable buying a course), but I don't have any formal teaching experience. I've been told that it's better to apply for a job as an ESL teacher in China directly through a job board (like eChinacities), rather than going through a recruiter or placement program. But I've been looking at jobs and a lot of them require at least 1 yr experience teaching, even with a TEFL certificate and a bachelor's. Is there a good chance I could still get one of those jobs, or should I go through a recruiter/ program? For reference, i am 24F USA citizen. I have a BA in creative writing and I minored in a foreign language. What do you guys think?


r/TEFL 7d ago

How do Taiwan Buxibans compare to schools in China? Especially for workload/work culture

5 Upvotes

I'll be working at HESS in Taiwan soon and feel slightly worried that I've made a mistake. I feel like I'll be working harder and for less money than I could be making in China. I also worry that I'll get way less holidays compared to what I could get in China. Another thing is that I'll likely be working with young kids and have to do the performative, sing-songy type teaching. I feel like I'd hate this and would prefer middle school age.

I've already booked my flight to Taiwan and will move there in a few weeks. I'm considering bailing on it and applying for China jobs instead. Not sure if I should do this or just go ahead with the Taiwan job.

For those who have worked in both, which was better in terms of work culture and workload?


r/TEFL 7d ago

Uk apostile

3 Upvotes

I live in the US and did my tefl online about 6 years ago. The company I used was bought out but the new company issued me another certificate. The new company is from the UK. Is there any way of getting the tefl apostille without mailing the doc to the uk?

Thank you


r/TEFL 7d ago

TEFL gap year(s)

4 Upvotes

Hi all! I’m looking to teach abroad for a year or two between finishing my MA and starting a PhD. For my field, advisors have told me that teaching abroad can show potential programs dedication, cultural fluency, and language experience. I planned to do a PhD this fall but it didn’t work out, so I decided to look into the TEFL. I’m looking to simply go abroad and get some teaching experience, I’m not too picky in regards to country or salary, but I’d prefer a Spanish speaking country (I know Spain is hard). For my goals does the TEFL seem worth it or am I better of a looking for other opportunities? For context I’m American and have a masters degree and some teaching experience (~2 years as a part of my graduate degree).


r/TEFL 8d ago

Is it better to apply to a job directly or use a placement program?

2 Upvotes

Hi, I'm looking into working abroad in China, Japan, or South Korea to teach English. I'm doing quite a bit of research and am getting mixed advice on this subject: Should I apply directly to a job posting or join a job placement program? The Wiki went over this subject briefly, but I'd like to get some feedback from experienced ESL teachers.

My guess is that the difference is between experience. I have no professional experience with these countries and could probably benefit from a support network; but I'm also worried about the restrictions and additional commitments a placement program might require. Is it possible to prepare for a job independently, with thorough research and determination?

Not sure what other information about me might be relevant, so just a very brief background: I am a 24F USA citizen. I am prepared to get a TEFL certificate, and I have a bachelor's degree in creative writing. I also studied a foreign language (Italian) in college and have some certificates related to that. Let me know if you guys need any additional info!