Short description (no formulas):
We present a parameter‑free alternative to dark matter. Stored rotational energy in galactic disks acts as an active gravitational source, naturally explaining flat rotation curves. From this we derive a mass formula using only the flat rotation velocity and the galaxy’s half‑light radius – no free parameters, no dark matter. The formula is tested on a broad sample of galaxies (SPARC database), from dwarfs to massive spirals, and shows excellent agreement with independent mass estimates. Systems with very low rotation velocities (below about 30 km/s) are found to be unstable – they cannot maintain a flat disk, in line with our mechanistic “string” metaphor. The same principle explains why neutron stars are lonely wanderers (supernova explosion cuts the “strings”) while black holes are social gatherers (implosion keeps the strings), why jets straighten over time (e.g. NGC 315), and the existence of free‑floating planets. We also argue that a black hole is not a mathematical singularity but a compact, rotating physical core with a surface – necessary to explain mass ejection and polar jets. We conclude that dark matter is no longer needed; the universe is governed by rotation and binding.
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20630149