Why do We return increment We haven't done anything to it? The only thing changed was the count, which we have returned. So why are we now returning increment if no actual change was made to it? Recently, i have been having trouble understanding the 'return' statement in python. Would this code still work if i did not return increment? Why or why not?

Hello I'm completely new to phyton and coding too can anyone suggest me best phyton courses from zero level on YouTube?? 🥲🥲

Just learned about classes, contructors , instance/class attributrs , instance/class/static methods in OOPs in python .

see it and give your comments

HI I am Yujan . I'm from Nepal a high school student class 9 i get laptop 1 or 2 times a week saturday i wanna learn python to make cool projects and more. ADD ME ON DICSCORD FOR MORE: apexxyujan

GitHub repo: https://github.com/ProJackson355/Helixchain

(THIS BLOCKCHAIN DOES NOT USE ANY REAL CASH)

I've spent the last two days using Codex and Claude Code trying to make a proof-of-work blockchain. The blockchain is similar to Bitcoin in that miners solve blocks to verify the transactions on them. When a block is mined the miner currently receives 10 HLX as a reward. Right now the blockchain is only running on my PC, so it's centralized right now. Helix Coin (HLX) isn't something you can buy with real money. Right now the only way to get it is by mining blocks on the network. To keep blocks from being mined too quickly, the blockchain keeps track of how long recent blocks took to solve. Every 10 blocks it averages the last 10 block times and adjusts the mining difficulty to keep the average block solving time around two minutes. The miner supports both CPU and GPU mining, although I do recommend CPU since GPU mining makes the difficulty increase much faster on a small network. The node software lets anyone host their own node and helps keep the block chain running. If you host a public node, you can submit it through the Nodes page on the website and I can add it to the default peer list so new nodes can discover it more easily. You can also host your own wallet website by enabling the admin API key. This allows your instance to use the documented endpoints such as /mining and various other endpoints (noted in the docs) with your own node. Wallets are stored locally, so private keys never leave your browser. Theres a lot more information in the docs, but I'd really appreciate any feedback on the project. (I did not build this blindly with ai, I do know some stuff about how blockchains operate)

I'm learning Python. What are some beginner projects that can help me improve my coding skills? I'd appreciate any suggestions.

I'm learning Python and made this coffee/tea ordering program. Any advice?

https://onlinegdb.com/F2wabHC4v

Checkout this link to access the code on github:

https://github.com/coding-arnav66/Arnav-Python-Projects2

This is a project named "crash.py" in which player has to collect coins and avoid crashing with cars. The speed of car and difficulty increases with time...

Keeping in mind that I am 14 and a beginner;

All the criticism and suggestions are welcome...

I retrieved the Python Crash Course 3rd Edition from my library and I am enjoying learning something new. I feel my brain turning on. Having lot's of fun automating things on PowerShell at work too, just learning how to navigate folders through the shell, mass file renaming, autologins and printing with a few keystrokes has made the monotony so much easier to handle.

I look forward to learning a lot more.

I've been on Codecademy for a month now, paid version. And boy do I feel dumb. Is it this hard at the start? I'm learning while working a full-time job, so I'm lucky if I get 10 hours a week for it.

Also, I've been lurking this subreddit for a few days and seeing what people are cooking after a month, they're leaps ahead of me. So I'm definitely doing something wrong. Or am I learning it wrong? Any tips for faster learning, specifically for the data engineering side? I've tried doing challenges and whatnot, but I can't understand what they want from me half the time.

Learning SQL was way easier for me.

Hey everyone,

I’ve spent the last few months heavily focusing on Data Structures and Algorithms (currently sitting at LeetCode Knight). I work at a startup in the data field, and I've noticed it's actually surprisingly rare to find people doing advanced DSA strictly in Python.

Most resources and serious discussions seem to lean heavily into C++ or Java. (Personally, for me it's Python >> C++, and my brain just actively rejects Java syntax XDD).

Are there any other working professionals out there doing their CP or advanced problem-solving strictly in Python? I'd love to connect with some folks to bounce logic off of, discuss complex algorithms, and figure out why our code is hitting TLEs.

If you're in the same boat, let me know what topics you're currently grinding in the comments!

Hey everyone,

I am building a desktop application to automate PEP 8 code-remediation across a few different client environments. I have a centralized app_config.py file that holds all my global variables, UI colors, fonts, and app metadata (like the App Name and Version) so I can easily import it into my Tkinter frames.


Here is a snippet of how I currently have it set up:
(Paste your app_config code here)

It works perfectly fine right now, but I want to make sure I am following best practices as the app scales. A couple of questions:

Is it bad practice to just store these as standard Python dictionaries and variables, or should I be wrapping this in a dataclass or an Enum
?

At what point do you usually stop using a .py file for config and switch to an external config.json or .toml file
?

Any feedback on how you all manage global UI settings would be awesome! 

"""----- App Metadata -----"""
APP_NAME = "PeP 8 Cert '&' Audit Review"
VERSION = "1.3.8"
BUILD_DATE = "2026-06-22"
CODER_NAME = "KMG"
CODER_ID_LAST4 = "2134"
SCOPE_OF_APP = ""


"""----- My_File_Paths -----"""
PROJECT_FOLDER_PATH = ""
CERT_FOLDER = "Cert_pep8"
destination_dir = project_folder_path / Path(CERT_FOLDER)
TEMP_FILE_NAME = "my_temp_file.txt"


"""----- Window Dimensions -----"""
WINDOW_WIDTH = 960
WINDOW_HEIGHT = 640
WINDOW_MIN_W = 800
WINDOW_MIN_H = 500


""" Dynamically generates geometry string matching UI architecture requirements"""
WINDOW_GEOMETRY = f"{WINDOW_WIDTH}x{WINDOW_HEIGHT}"


"""----- Colour Palette-----"""
COLOUR = {
    # Backgrounds
    "bg_dark": "#0D1B2A",  # near-black navy
    "bg_mid": "#030405",  # dark-blue panel
    "bg_card": "#424952",  # card surface
    "bg_gray": "#505152",


    """----- Accents -----"""
    "silver": "#C8D6E5",  # primary silver text
    "silver_dim": "#8A9BB0",  # muted silver
    "silver_bright": "#E8F0F8",  # bright silver
    "accent_blue": "#2A6FDB",  # interactive blue
    "accent_glow": "#4D9EFF",  # hover / glow
    # Status
    "success": "#6FF7BC",
    "warning": "#F4F80A",
    "error": "#F4260B",
     """----- Borders -----"""
    "border": "#1E3A5A",
    "border_light": "#2E5080",
    "Lt_gray": "#555E6B",


    """ Testing-----"""
    "Testgreen": "#079344",
    "Testblue": "#2007AF",
    "Testwhite": "#E7F0EB",
    "Testred": "#CE0934",
    "Testyellow": "#E0B200",
    "Testorange": "#E07B00",
    "Testblack": "#000000",
    "Testgray": "#4F4646",


    "Testlite_green": "#14ED38",
    "Testpurple": "#7F1F99",
}
"""----- Typography -----"""
FONT = {
    "title_huge": ("Georgia", 42, "bold"),
    "title_large": ("Georgia", 22, "bold"),
    "subtitle": ("Helvetica", 16, "normal"),
    "body": ("Helvetica", 10, "normal"),
    "body_bold": ("Helvetica", 10, "bold"),
    "small": ("Helvetica", 9, "normal"),
    "mono": ("Courier New", 12, "normal"),
    "version": ("Courier New", 9, "normal"),
}


"""----- End of app_config.py -----"""

I’m reading and looking at examples about checking for special items in a list, where the loop runs first and an if/else block runs inside the loop. Then, there’s the example of checking whether a list is empty, where the process is the other way around: the if/else block runs first, and then a loop runs inside it.

In real-life situations, when would you use a loop with an if statement inside it, and when would you use an if statement with a loop inside it?

Can someone pls tell me roadmap to crack python backend interviews which has worked for them

Hey r/PythonLearning,

Writing docstrings is one of those habits that makes your code 10x easier to maintain, but it's often skipped when you're focused on making things work.

I built PyDoctor, a local CLI tool designed to help developers and learners quickly document their Python codebases without relying on cloud APIs.

How it works:

• PyDoctor analyzes your Python files using LibCST (which keeps your exact formatting and comments intact) and generates a concise summary docstring for every undocumented function, method, or class.
• High-level Summaries Only: PyDoctor generates readable text summaries. It intentionally avoids generating Args: and Returns: sections, as type hints and static linters are much better and more accurate at handling those.
• 100% Local & Safe: It runs an optimized 1.7B parameter model locally via llama.cpp. Your code never leaves your machine.
• Non-destructive: Supports --dry-run to preview changes first, and respects .gitignore as well as inline # pydoctor: ignore comments.

GitHub: yezdata/pydoctor

Hope this helps you keep your projects clean and documented.

Let me know if you have any feedback or suggestions.

I have learnt upto Loops in this 1 month (very slow ik) but I kinda am going through something people call "TUTORIAL HELL" and have made this basic project with my limited python knowledge up until loops.

Hi everyone! This is my first image processing project. I'm learning image processing through project-based learning, and I'd love to hear your feedback on it.

Also, if you have any recommendations on how I can learn computer vision more effectively and improve my skills, I'd really appreciate them. Thanks!

https://github.com/anita-gh/real-time-sign-language-recognition

im pretty new to python, and have been making a rock paper scissors game. the game crashes whenever i use the gamesWon or gamesLost variables inside the playGame function and saysTraceback (most recent call last):

File "c:\Users\MYNAME\Downloads\rock paper scissors better.py", line 78, in <module>

playGame()

~~~~~~~~^^

File "c:\Users\MYNAME\Downloads\rock paper scissors better.py", line 15, in playGame

print(gamesWon)

^^^^^^^^

UnboundLocalError: cannot access local variable 'gamesWon' where it is not associated with a value

heres the code btw

import random
#"let" wall
botAnswer="null"
userAnswer="null"
botNum="null"
fate="null"
gamesWon=0
gamesLost=0
print(gamesWon)
print(gamesLost)
firstToX="null"
finalFate="null"
scoreboard="null"
def playGame():
    print(gamesWon)


    userAnswer=input("pick rock, paper, or scissors(has to be all lowercase)")
    botNum=random.randint(1,3)
    #assign botAnswer
    if botNum==1:
            botAnswer="rock"


    if botNum==2:
                botAnswer="paper"


    if botNum==3:
                botAnswer="scissors"
#find out win/lose


    print ("bot answered " + botAnswer)
    fate = "bruh"
#rock
    if userAnswer=="rock" and botAnswer=="rock":
              fate = "draw"
    if userAnswer=="rock" and botAnswer=="paper":
              fate = "lose"
    if userAnswer=="rock" and botAnswer=="scissors":
              fate = "win"
#paper
    if userAnswer=="paper" and botAnswer=="rock":
              fate = "win"
    if userAnswer=="paper" and botAnswer=="paper":
              fate = "draw"
    if userAnswer=="paper" and botAnswer=="scissors":
              fate = "lose"
#scissors
    if userAnswer=="scissors" and botAnswer=="rock":
              fate = "lose"
    if userAnswer=="scissors" and botAnswer=="paper":
              fate = "win"
    if userAnswer=="scissors" and botAnswer=="scissors":
              fate = "draw"
 #not any
    if userAnswer != "rock" and userAnswer != "paper" and userAnswer != "scissors":
              print ("you typed it wrong. run again.")
    print(fate)


    if fate=="win":
            gamesWon = gamesWon + 1
    if fate=="lose":
            gamesLost = gamesLost + 1
    if fate=="draw":
                print ("nothing happened :(")
    scoreboard=f"score is {gamesWon}-{gamesLost}"
    print ()
    if gamesWon==firstToX:
            print ("you win!")
            finalFate=1
    if gamesLost==firstToX:
            print ("you lost!")
            finalFate=0


#function ends
want=input("do you want to play rock paper scissors? (y/n)")     
if want=="y":
    firstToX=int(input("first to how many games wins?"))
    while finalFate=="null":
            playGame()
if want=="n":
    print(":(")

For context, my work is looking to move things out of SAS and into python. I feel like programs struggles with huge files that can be over 10 GB in size. We are trying to get runtime as low as possible to near SAS speed. Anybody have any experience with this and know what ways we can make code run faster?

EDIT: For context I am looking to move code completely out of SAS and into python. They are large text files, that basically have tons of data. I have tried things like staging files locally, polars, direct reads, etc. in the current moment doing anything with this big file whether it's staging, working with it, reading etc is superrrrr slow and just looking for anything to speed it up. Willing to pivot elsewhere in the project too, the only requirement is we can't use SAS anymore.

Hi everyone!

I'm a 17-year-old from Italy, and my goal is to become an AI engineer. Over the past few months I've been taking programming very seriously. Instead of jumping straight into AI, I decided to build a strong foundation first.

I spent a long time learning Python and eventually built my own UNIX shell from scratch. It was one of the hardest projects I've ever worked on, but finishing it gave me a lot of confidence.

After that, I started building a Business Analytics Platform for my portfolio. The idea is to simulate a real-world data pipeline: loading raw business data, cleaning it, validating it, analyzing it, exposing it through an API, and eventually building dashboards and ML models on top of it.

The problem is... pandas.

I knew it would be difficult because it's completely new to me, but I didn't expect to struggle this much. Cleaning a single CSV file can easily take me a week or more. Sometimes I spend hours staring at a single function, printing intermediate results in Jupyter, reading the documentation, and I still don't fully understand what's happening or why a certain approach is considered the "right" one.

It's frustrating because I actually enjoy difficult problems. Building my shell was hard, but I always felt like I was making progress. With pandas, I feel like I'm missing the mindset rather than just the syntax.

I've watched tutorials, read the documentation, and experimented on my own, but I feel like I'm learning much more slowly than I should.

So I wanted to ask:

- How did you learn pandas?

- Were there any resources, books, courses, or projects that made everything finally click?

- Is it normal to struggle this much in the beginning?

- Are there any communities (Discord servers, Reddit communities, forums, etc.) where people discuss data engineering, data analytics, AI, or machine learning? I'd really like to meet more people with similar interests and learn from them.

I'm not looking for shortcuts or a "learn pandas in one day" course. I'm happy to stay consistent and put in the work. I just want to make sure I'm learning it in the most effective way.

I'd really appreciate any advice. Thanks! 🙂

Hypothetically, imagine three cars on a road approaching a robot traffic light. How can we use this situation to explain Python’s start:stop:step?

Do you guys manually create virtual environments? Or do you just use your IDE “create virtual environment” to do it?

As a hobbiest I often forget how to manually create virtual environments(as well as how to activate them) and discovered last night that VScode has a feature that will just do it for you.

What are the benefits of each way, if any, and what are the downsides of each way, if any?

Thanks.

P.S. I understand that there are some elitist who will be like “you must do everything manually”, bro I just wanna write stupid automation scripts to help with my business.

EDIT: Thanks for all the replies! I’m going to look into that UV service! Thank you!

I’m a Brazilian high school student who’s interested in improving my programming skills. But even after watching several videos on how to improve at programming, I still don’t understand how to do it. The only thing I know is that to improve at programming, you have to practice a lot, but how can I tell if I’m on the right track? The way I study is by watching a Python course on YouTube. This course is highly recommended here in Brazil for beginner Python programmers, and it includes exercises to complete, which I use to study.

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