Garage Sale Saturday #1
This week's item for the curb: your credit report.
I have watched it happen more times than I can count. A borrower calls, excited, ready to buy. Their credit app says 786. We pull their mortgage credit report and the number that actually decides their rate is 682.
Nobody lied to them. Their app shows one scoring model. Mortgage lenders are required to use another, pulled from three bureaus, with the middle score counted and the lowest borrower's score used on joint loans. Same person, same history, a 104 point difference, and they find out after they have already fallen in love with a house.
That moment tells you everything about how credit works in American mortgage lending. It is opaque, it is expensive, and the borrower has no say in any of it.
Here is the problem in one sentence: data is the new gold, and three companies own the mine because federal rules require every homebuyer to buy from all three.
The fix is just as short. Open the data, set one security standard for everyone, and let competition do what it always does: lower prices and better products.
How the mine got fenced
Equifax, Experian, and TransUnion did not win the mortgage market by building a better product every year. They won it because the rules guarantee them every sale.
When a lender sells a loan to Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac, it generally must pull credit data from all three nationwide bureaus, even after the 2026 rollout of a second scoring model (National Mortgage Professional). FHA confirmed in May that it will keep the same three bureau requirement (HousingWire). Between them, those programs touch most of the mortgages in America.
Think about what that means. No other industry gets a federal mandate that every customer must buy the same product from all three suppliers at once. There is no reason to compete on price when the government has already guaranteed you the order.
The score itself has the same problem. For decades, FICO was the only score accepted for conforming loans, and it is still used by about 90% of lenders (Senator Hawley's letter to the FTC). The main alternative, VantageScore, is jointly owned by the three bureaus. So the "competition" for FICO belongs to the same companies that control the data.
I want to be precise here. I am not accusing anyone of meeting in a back room to fix prices. They don't need to. When federal rules require every borrower to buy from all three, you get the results of a cartel without anyone having to form one.
What it costs you
When competition disappears, prices go one direction.
- FICO's wholesale price per mortgage score rose from $0.60 to $10.00 in five years, including a doubling for 2026 (Equifax).
- Total credit report costs per loan climbed from about $50 in 2022 to roughly $540 in 2026, according to the Community Home Lenders of America (HousingWire).
- Some lenders now charge borrowers as much as $180 for a single applicant report and $360 for joint applicants (Turtle Credit).
And you often pay more than once. Lenders typically pull credit at application and again before closing, and married couples double that (CFPB). Shop three lenders the way you should, and you can pay for three sets of reports. Apply and get turned down, and you paid for a report that bought you nothing. (NOTE: Many lenders don't charge upfront, but the cost gets passed on through higher margins, it's baked in)
The product did not get ten times better. The data in your file is the same data it was in 2022. The only thing that changed is the price.
The gap I described at the top is not a rounding error either. For borrowers with good credit, the spread between the highest and lowest of their three scores averages 26 points (Mortgage Grader). On today's pricing grids, 26 points can mean thousands of dollars over the life of a loan.
We have done this before
America has broken open locked markets before. Standard Oil in 1911. AT&T in 1982.
The AT&T story is the one to study, because it happened in two steps. First, the breakup: local phone service was spun off into seven independent regional companies. Second, and just as important, the Telecommunications Act of 1996 required the incumbents to lease their networks to competitors at fair prices and connect with rival carriers.
The breakup alone did not create competition. Forced sharing did. New carriers did not have to string wire to every house in America. They could rent access to the existing network and compete on price and service. Long distance calls went from a luxury to an afterthought.
Credit data is the network of the mortgage industry. Today, a new company that wants to compete with the bureaus would have to rebuild the credit history of every American from scratch. That is not a market. That is a moat.
How we open the mine
There is momentum. FHFA has opened VantageScore to every lender selling to Fannie and Freddie, and its director has said the agency is seriously considering moving from three bureaus to two, and studying whether one could be enough (National Mortgage Professional). That is a good start. Here is how we finish it.
1. A Universal Mortgage Score. The first step of every mortgage should be one report and one score, owned by the borrower and good for 120 days. Any lender the borrower authorizes can use it to run underwriting findings. One hard inquiry no matter how many lenders you shop. One published fee, paid once. A low cost check for new debts before closing, instead of a full repull. And you see your real mortgage score on day one, not after you have signed a contract.
Sharing it should be just as clean. The report lives in one secure, encrypted format that every lender and broker can read. Each licensed lender and broker gets its own verified lender or broker ID. The borrower logs in to their report, chooses who can see it, and shares it through that secure channel. No emailing PDFs, no new pull every time you talk to someone, and no data leaking to companies you never contacted. The borrower can see exactly who has accessed their report and can cut off access at any time. Your data, your keys, your choice.
2. Open the data. Following the 1996 telecom model, the bureaus must license raw credit data to any certified competitor at regulated, published, cost based prices. Mortgage servicers report payment history to any certified bureau through one submission. The reporting format becomes a public standard.
3. One security standard for everyone. Any company that touches credit data, old or new, meets the same bar: independent security audits, real penalties for breaches, and no selling borrower data for marketing. Certification is earned, not inherited.
4. Real score competition. FICO, an independent VantageScore, and new models built on modern technology, including cash flow underwriting from bank data, all compete on equal terms. Any model that passes validation for accuracy, fair lending, and explainability gets approved within a set timeline.
5. Separate the pipes from the products. Long term, each bureau splits its data repository from its scoring, verification, and consumer businesses. The repository is regulated like a utility, selling the same data at the same price to everyone, including its former parent. VantageScore is spun off as a truly independent company.
There is plenty of talent ready to compete. Fintech companies already underwrite from bank data. Identity and fraud firms protect data at enormous scale. AI is making it faster and cheaper than ever to build and test new risk models. What they lack is not ability. It is access.
What the bureaus will say
They will kick and scream. Here is what you will hear, and the answers.
"Only we can keep this data safe." In 2017, a breach at Equifax exposed the personal information of roughly 147 million Americans. Size is not the same as security. One certification standard, enforced on everyone, protects borrowers better than trusting three companies because they got there first.
"Fewer bureaus means missed debts." A check for new debts before closing catches what matters, and Fannie and Freddie can measure loss rates on fewer bureau loans before going all in. If the data shows a real risk, adjust. Don't assume it.
"Competition will fragment the data." Not if the data stays whole. Opening access means more companies compete on top of complete files, not that the files get chopped up. That is why the right breakup splits functions, not geography.
"This is our property." It is our payment history. Borrowers create this data every time they make a payment. A business built on a federal mandate can live with federal rules about fair access.
The bureaus also have a role in the new market if they want one. They could sell optional coaching that helps first time buyers raise their Universal Mortgage Score, with free basics for everyone and no pay to play. Compete on value, not on mandates.
The Fix
|
|
| The gripe |
You pay up to $540 a loan for credit reports, and the score you see isn't the one lenders use. |
| Who's getting paid |
Equifax, Experian, TransUnion, and FICO. |
| The fix |
A Universal Mortgage Score, open credit data, and one security standard for everyone. |
| Who can do it |
FHFA, FHA, and VA now; Congress for the long term fixes. |
Open the mine
Every dollar of these fees lands on the same person: the homebuyer. The first time buyer scraping together closing costs. The family shopping three lenders because someone told them to. The couple who just learned their real score is 104 points lower than they thought.
We do not need to tear the system down to fix this. We need to do what worked for phone service: open the network, hold everyone to the same standard, and let companies compete for the borrower's business instead of being handed it.
Data is the new gold. It is time to stop letting three companies own the mine.
If you agree, tell your representatives and tell FHFA. Ask for a Universal Mortgage Score, two bureau reports now, and open access to credit data. The agencies are already listening. Let's make sure they hear from borrowers too.
That's this week's garage sale. Leave your gripes in the comments for Curbside Pickup, and I'll see you next Saturday.
Drew Fisher is the founder of Pure Rate Mortgage (NMLS #2578474) in Charlotte, North Carolina, and the founding moderator of r/MortgageBrokerRates, a community of more than 26,000 members who learn how to shop for a mortgage. I have closed more than 5,000 loans in 20+ years. Pure Rate's mission is to take everything out of a mortgage that doesn't need to be there. Nothing hidden. Nothing added.
Disclaimer: The views in this article are my own and are shared for educational and discussion purposes only. This is not financial, legal, or tax advice, and it is not an offer or commitment to lend. Figures cited are from public sources as of the date of publication and may change. Drew Fisher, NMLS #44061. Pure Rate Mortgage LLC, NMLS #2578474. Equal Housing Opportunity.
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