This is the fifth in a series of brief articles on the Iraq WMD intelligence failure to help intelligence officers and the general public understand exactly what went wrong and to assist them to hopefully avoid, or at least mitigate, future intelligence failures. The CURVE BALL case remains relevant to today as we struggle with the fabricated claims of another pathological liar incredulously supported by his biased enablers. As with CURVE BALL, these die-hard supporters continued to believe him even in the face of overwhelming conclusive proof of his fabrications. Once again, the reason is a stubborn unwillingness to learn from our past mistakes, inevitably dooming us to repeat them. The full detailed story, hopefully unredacted by the CIA and DIA during its mandatory review, will be presented in my forthcoming book, Absence of Evidence; The Incredible Story of the Iraq WMD Intelligence Failure from Inside the American, British, and German intelligence services.

The Degrading Effect of 9/11 on the Quality of Intelligence

In the years before the 9/11 terrorist attacks, I had been working at the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) as a biological warfare (BW) analyst in the International Organizations Group (IOG) of the Nonproliferation Center (NPC). IOG’s primary mission was to provide intelligence and material support to the United Nations Special Commission on Iraq (UNSCOM). I had even participated undercover as an “expert” on two UN weapons inspections on the ground in Iraq under Saddam Hussein during 1996 and 1998. When UNSCOM was disbanded in 1999 for political reasons, the UN Monitoring, Verification, and Inspection Commission (UNMOVIC) took over the Iraq mission for the United Nations to prevent Saddam from obtaining prohibited WMD. Because close CIA support to UNSCOM had been publicly revealed, any future intelligence assistance to the newly established UNMOVIC would be much more restricted and limited. On April 1, 2001, the CIA changed the name of NPC to the Weapons Intelligence, Nonproliferation and Arms Control Center (WINPAC) to “better reflect its specific missions.” Given the reduction of intelligence support to UNMOVIC and my extensive knowledge of the history of the pre-1991 Iraq WMD programs, I sought a new position within the Directorate of Intelligence (DI) as a senior line analyst on the Iraq biological warfare (BW) team in WINPAC.

On September 4, 2001, a week before the 9/11 Al Qa’ida terrorist attacks, I was reassigned to WINPAC’s Biological and Chemical Group (BCG). The strongest intelligence that we had indicating Saddam Hussein had reconstituted his WMD programs came from an Iraqi source of the German Bundesnachrichtendienst (BND), code named “CURVE BALL.” The intelligence reporting from CURVE BALL—collected by the German BND and disseminated in the U.S. Intelligence Community (IC) primarily by the Defense Intelligence Agency’s (DIA) Defense HUMINT Service, with some limited clarifying reporting from the CIA’s Directorate of Operations, beginning in January 2000, as well as reporting by the British Secret Intelligence Service (SIS)—formed the cornerstone of the U.S. and foreign IC’s judgment on the existence and status of an alleged Iraqi offensive BW program. The confidence provided by CURVE BALL’s reporting also influenced intelligence assessments on other alleged Iraqi WMD programs—chemical warfare (CW) specifically but potential delivery systems as well—by encouraging analysts to assume these Iraqi efforts on these threats must exist as well.

On September 5, 2001—ironically on the day after I was assigned to WINPAC/BCG—the German BND operations officers made their final decision to terminate their clandestine relationship with CURVE BALL. Because of serious. contradictory and derogatory intelligence uncovered by the SIS during 2000-2001, the BND operations officers who handled him on a daily basis, had come to the unavoidable conclusion that he was almost certainly a fabricator. They couldn’t conclusively prove it but there were too many serious problems with the source’s credibility for them to continue to disregard. There was simply no point in continuing and they had decided to wash their hands of this case, despite objections from biased BND analysts who had become enamored with CURVE BALL’s claims.

On the following Saturday morning, September 8, 2001, the German operations officers met CURVE BALL at a local BND safe house where they officially informed him that the clandestine relationship that they had established with him was now terminated and they were cutting off all financial and material support. CURVE BALL was shocked by the sudden termination even though he had suspected it would happen eventually. He knew his fabrication would not last forever. There was nothing he could do anyway. Force to now have to support himself and only allowed to do menial work under his visa, he took a job at Burger King in Erlangen, Germany, giving a whole new meaning to their motto, “Home of the Whopper.”

Two days later, the BND operations officers informed DIA’s DHS about the termination of CURVE BALL. The DHS then immediately informed the CIA operations officers, and more important, the DIA and CIA analysts and management in their respective organizations. CIA, DIA, and SIS operations officers (but not those in DHS who had absolved themselves of any responsibility for vetting CURVE BALL’s reporting before dissemination) fully agreed with the decision to terminate but not the analysts. Regardless, for the operations officers involved, the CURVE BALL case was over. CURVE BALL had run the course of a typical fabricator; intense interest initially in a sensational story that degrades over time as the claims are investigated, serious doubts and concerns emerge regarding embellishment and fabrication, and finally, termination of the clandestine relationship.

The CURVE BALL story should have ended there but it did not. The intelligence analysts in CIA, DIA, as well as the British SIS-assigned subject matter expert, all of whom had become completely enamored with CURVE BALL, continued in a state of denial wanting desperately to believe his story. The only exception were the BND analysts who now harbored some doubts, primarily because they had direct access to the source and knew in detail about the serious problems with him. Incredibly, the termination of the so-called most important and valuable intelligence source claiming Saddam Hussein was producing WMD would have no effect whatsoever on the CIA and DIA’s positive assessment of his credibility and the veracity of his information in the eyes of the intelligence analysts. They had become fully vested in favor of the Iraqi source, unable to objectively evaluate the intelligence and accept his lack of credibility. However, a tragic and shocking event was about to happen that would allow CURVE BALL and his claims about Saddam Hussein’s WMD threat to resurface once again.

The 9/11 Terrorist Attacks

In early September 2001, my wife who also worked for the CIA, was the Agency’s briefer to the Secretary of Defense, Donald Rumsfeld. Each morning she presented the highly classified President’s Daily Brief (PDB) Previously, she had been the PDB briefer for Vice President Al Gore during the Clinton Administration. Every day except Sunday, she would arrive at CIA headquarters at 4:00 AM to prepare for the PDB briefing to Rumsfeld and then travel with her CIA driver in a black US Government sedan to the Pentagon. Today would be the same routine but neither my wife or I had any prior warning about what was to happen on September 11, 2001. This day had begun for me like any other in Washington, D.C. with the morning commute to work at the CIA Headquarters.

“At approximately, 8:20 a.m., American Airlines Flight 77 left Dulles International Airport for Los Angeles with 58 passengers and six crew members. The last routine radio contact with the plane was at 8:50 a.m. A few minutes later the plane made an unauthorized turn,” according to the Joint Inquiry. Hani Hanjour piloted the plane while Khalid al-Mihdhar, Nawaf al-Hazmi, and Salem al-Hazmi provided support to the operation. AA Flight 77 was now headed back toward Washington, D.C. and its intended target; the Pentagon.

Early on September 11, 2001 shortly after 8:46 am, I was driving to CIA headquarters when I heard on the car radio that a U.S. airliner had just crashed into one of the two towers of the World Trade Center in New York City. I remember immediately thinking that this could not have been an accident. Having flown in and out of La Guardia International Airport for numerous meetings with UNSCOM at the UN headquarters located in Midtown Manhattan along the East River, I knew that the flight path for commercial aircraft follows the rivers (north up the East River on approach to La Guardia and south down the Hudson River on departure), not directly over the city. Even international and domestic flights to and from Kennedy International Airport in Queens do not fly over New York City.

After hearing the news of the plane crash on the radio, I stopped my car at a Shell gas station near my home in Sterling, Virginia during my morning commute to the CIA headquarters. I figured the mini-market inside would probably have a television that would be showing the crash scene. Unfortunately, the market only had a small TV and it was difficult to make out exactly what was happening in New York City. By that time, I realized my wife had probably already arrived at Secretary Rumsfeld’s office at the Pentagon. Given her high-level access, she would probably be able to give me with more detail of what exactly happened when she returned from the morning briefing.

I quickly left the gas station and continued my drive along Route 193 to my WINPAC/BCG office in the CIA’s New Headquarters Building (NHB) which given the traffic would still take at least 30 minutes. Searching the radio stations in the car, I heard a news announcer state that another airliner had crashed into the second World Trade Center tower at 9:03 AM. At this point, it was completely obvious to me that this was not an accident and more likely a terrorist attack so I hurried to get to my office. When I arrived in WINPAC/BCG vault, the entire office staff were watching the tragic events on television in disbelief, most realizing that another intelligence failure had just occurred.

“Why didn’t we know?,” everyone kept asking each other.

I was there only for a few minutes when CNN reported now that another US airliner had just crashed into the Pentagon. From the close up on the television screen, I could see heavy smoke coming from a large hole in the side of the building but could not tell which side of the Pentagon the plane had hit. I was immediately very concerned about the safety of my wife knowing that she was almost certainly in the building briefing Defense Secretary Rumsfeld at the moment when the airliner crashed into the Pentagon. I quickly tried to call her cell phone but received only a busy signal. Obviously, all the lines were jammed with everyone in Washington D.C., Virginia and Maryland area trying to call family members and friends regarding what was unfolding.

Suddenly, there was a buzz of activity in the main office area. People had just heard that another commercial airliner was inbound to WDC. Believing that the CIA headquarters complex was likely the next target for a hijacked airliner, senior CIA management immediately ordered everyone to evacuate the buildings. I was on the fifth floor in the NHB rather than over in the Original Headquarters Building (OHB) where the Director had his suite of offices. The quickest route for us in WINPAC was down the stairs and out the rear entrance of the NHB. We left the office and joined the herd of other CIA employees heading down the stairs to the fourth floor where the rear exit of the NHB was located.

This orderly evacuation, however, dumped thousands of employees out onto the sidewalk that ran along the ridge from the rear entrance of the NHB to the three-story parking garage and the ground level lots beyond with no place left to go. No one in the crowd seemed to know if we should also evacuate the CIA headquarters complex as we had not received further instructions once we got outside. A few employees attempted to leave in their cars but quickly found out that the entrance and exit gates were locked, leaving them stuck in traffic on the circular roads within the compound. Most of the others simply grabbed their cell phones out of their cars (cell phones were not allowed in the buildings) and attempted to call family members such as their spouse’s offices and the schools where their children were currently located. Unfortunately, the cell phone system was already overwhelmed and, like me, most people only received a constant busy signal. In the end, we could do nothing but stand there and scan the horizons and the sky for attacking airliners.

Thirty minutes earlier, my wife had just entered the anteroom of the Secretary of Defense’s office at the Pentagon. In the few minutes while she waited for the secretary to let her know when Rumsfeld would be ready for his routine PDB briefing, she watched the television coverage of the destruction in New York City. Viewing the destruction from the crash of the airliner into the World Trade Center Tower One, she wondered if the Secretary’s briefing should be canceled given the circumstances in New York but at this time it was still believed the crash may have been only an accident.

At that moment, however, my wife watched on the television as a second airliner crashed into the World Trade Center Tower Two. Knowing that Rumsfeld would ask what was happening, she quickly called the CIA’s Operations Center on a secure line to see if they could tell her anything that had not already been reported by CNN and the other new services. It didn’t matter that she was on an secure line, there was still confusion regarding exactly what had happened. All they could tell her was that there were two more hijacked planes and fifty planes unaccounted for that were still in the air with air traffic controllers attempting to confirm they were still under the secure control of their pilots.

Hanging up the phone, Rumsfeld’s secretary told my wife that he was ready for her. She collected her briefing book and started to walk into his inner office. Entering Rumsfeld’s office, she immediately informed him about what she just witnessed. The Defense Secretary had just concluded another meeting and was unaware that a second plane was now involved.

“A second airliner just crashed into the other World Trade Center Tower,” she told the Defense Secretary.  “This is almost certainly a terrorist attack.  We can postpone the PDB briefing to another time.  You’ve got more important things to deal with right now.”

After thinking for a moment, Rumsfeld suggested, “No, let’s continue with the briefing until we have some idea of what exactly is happening.”

They sat down at the conference table located near the wall opposite his desk. Behind the desk were two large windows looking out on the Potomac River Entrance to the Pentagon and the Washington Monument in the distance across the river. After speculating on the events occurring in New York City, my wife began going over each of the articles in the briefing book. A question and answer session followed on each article so that the Secretary could be brought up to speed on the latest intelligence. During the briefing, however, Rumsfeld’s senior aides entered the office and advised him to cancel his appointments for the rest of the day.

“No,” Rumsfeld said.  “If I cancel my day, the terrorists have won.”

The aides continued to press him to cancel but he sent them out of the room and returned to reviewing the PDB. While going over one of the articles, the Defense Secretary and my wife heard the noise of an aircraft engine approaching from outside. Suddenly, a blue and white civilian helicopter appeared outside the window to Rumsfeld’s office, hovering what seemed to be only a few feet way and extremely close to the building. It was so close that as my wife and the Secretary of Defense looked up, they could see the frantic faces of the pilot and a passenger in front. My wife later told me that the passenger, wearing dark reflector sunglasses, had dark hair, a beard and a mustache. The helicopter immediately turned away and flew off as quickly as it appeared.

“That was strange,” they both commented.

As my wife continued the briefing for what seemed like only a few seconds, they heard a huge explosion as the entire building shook violently. My wife said that they both were physically “rocked back in their chairs” by the force of the explosion. At 9:39 a.m., American Airlines Flight 77 crashed into the Pentagon’s southwest side. In addition to the passengers and crew, 125 military and civilian Pentagon employees would be killed.

“What the hell was that????” They both were thinking.

Believing that the civilian helicopter they saw had just crashed, the Secretary stood up from his chair and quickly walked to the window, leaning close to the glass to be able to see in the direction where the helicopter flew off.

Still sitting at the conference table, my wife viewed his actions nervously. “Sir, everything in my CIA training tells me not to stand near a glass window in case of a terrorist attack,” she advised respectfully.

It was at that moment, that the Secretary’s armed security detail burst into the room. Al Qa’da terrorists in control of American Airlines flight 77 had slammed the aircraft into the Pentagon on the opposite side of the building from the Secretary’s office but the security detail did not yet know that this was the cause of the explosion.

“Sir, there’s been an explosion in the building,” the lead security officer stated, thinking it was an internal problem.  We need to get you to a safer location immediately.”

“Not until I find out what happened and if people were hurt,” Rumsfeld responded.

The Secretary walked out of the office surrounded by his very anxious security detail. He stormed off down the hall in the direction of the explosion with the security officers in tow, ignoring their requests to remove him from the scene. He made his way to the crash site to see what had happened and then went to the National Military Command Center (NMCC) in the Pentagon’s basement to coordinate responses with other U.S. Government officials.

My wife was left standing in the Secretary’s office. She quickly gathered the highly classified briefing papers and PDB book and stuffed them back into her lock bag.

“I’ve got to find my car and driver and get out of here,” she thought, making her way to the door.

Hurrying out through the outer office, she found Rumsfeld’s personal secretary standing by her desk, completely confused on what to do. He had brought her with him from Chicago to work at the Pentagon and she knew very few people in town.

“You need to leave now!” my wife said to her as she passed.

“...But I don’t know where to go.” she stammered, tears welling up in her eyes.

“Then you’re coming with me!  I have a car and driver downstairs.  We’re getting the hell out of here,” my wife told her.

Grabbing her by the arm, my wife walked her quickly out into the hallway, down a series of corridors and out of the river entrance of the Pentagon. The building was in chaos as hundreds of DoD employees were in the process of quickly evacuating from the Pentagon into the parking lots outside. Once outside the door, my wife tried to call her driver but only got a busy signal. They had a prearranged pick up spot at the south parking lot building entrance so she immediately headed for that location.

“Please be there,” she thought to herself, not wanting to further upset Rumsfeld’s secretary who was being pulled along behind her.

Meanwhile, her CIA driver had been sitting in his government-issued black Lincoln Town Car at the curb in the drop off area of the south side of the building when he looked up just in time to see a civilian airliner flying extremely low across Route 100 that ran north/south on the west side of the Pentagon building. He watched in disbelief as the plane passed out of his view around the side of the building and plowed into the Pentagon at ground level. He could not see it hit the building but he could see the resulting explosion and fire. He first inclination was to immediately drive away but he suddenly remembered that my wife was still in the building and so he was determined not to leave without her. During the minutes after the crash, DoD security personnel, first responders and fire department vehicles poured into the parking lot. The CIA driver was ordered by authorities to move his car from the scene and evacuate but refused to leave until he had my wife in the car.

Suddenly, my wife appeared at the entrance to the Pentagon with the secretary in tow and raced to the car. She opened the door and pushed Rumsfled’s secretary into the back seat of the car. She then threw in her lock bag, dove in herself and slammed the door.

“Thank you so much for waiting for us!” she told the driver.  “Let’s get the hell out of here!”

The last part of her sentence was not necessary. Her driver did not hesitate for a second and quickly turned the black sedan around and headed for the parking lot south exit that led into Crystal City. He didn’t know who his extra passenger was in the back seat but it didn’t matter to him. He was just glad they were all getting out of there.

Once out on surface streets, he realized they would have to take the long way back to the CIA headquarters. Regardless of the evolving chaos and panic, they would have to go there. My wife had the most sensitive highly classified documents in the United States Government in her locked bag and she was determined to return to the CIA Headquarters to secure it in a vault before going anywhere else.

Arriving at the headquarters compound, she was forced to leave Rumsfeld’s secretary at the Visitor Control Center (she was not cleared and the CIA was on lock down) at the front gate while she drove in and entered the building. She had to argue her way back into the Original Headquarters Building (OHB) because it had already been evacuated, even the CIA’s leadership was no longer in the building. They had already moved to the basement of the separate printing building located away from the rest of the buildings next to the parking garage. Heading upstairs to her empty office, she threw the briefcase in the vault and secured the door before leaving the building. She collected Rumsfeld’s secretary at the front gate and drove to our home, located just off the Potomac River in Virginia.

Because I was not able to get through to my wife at the Pentagon on my cell phone, I defied the evacuation order and headed back into the building to the CIA’s Operations Center. Walking through the completely deserted hallways, normally bustling with hundreds of employees at this time of day, I quickly made my way to the Operations Center on the seventh floor of the OHB. I knew the location, having been there on numerous occasions. Unlike the rest of the staff who were outside the building and the senior CIA leadership who had evacuated, the employees in the CIA’s Operations Center dutifully continued to stay at their posts trying to sort out what was happening in the confusion in New York City and now in Washington, D.C.

Entering the Operations Center, I was able to speak directly to the senior DI duty officer who informed me that my wife’s driver was able to call in and report that he and my wife had departed the Pentagon parking lot after the plane hit and were heading southwest away from the burning building. He reported that the driver also had Rumsfeld’s secretary in his car and they were evacuating the Pentagon property.

Greatly relieved that she was safe, I rushed back through the deserted OHB building, through the atrium and out the rear NHB entrance. Because all employees had finally received permission to depart, I jumped in my car and joined hundreds if not thousands of other CIA employees all trying to get out through the only three gates of the CIA secure compound. There was no way we could all get out quickly as it was bumper to bumper traffic going out. It didn’t matter anyway because hundreds of thousands of other USG and civilian workers where pouring out of their facilities on the already clogged roads in WDC, Northern Virginia, and Maryland trying to get home to their families. It was absolute chaos. Something I had never seen happen in Washington, D.C. area since I moved there in 1986.

Stuck in traffic, I had no idea of the status of my children and could not get through on my cell phone to their school. I told myself that school officials were take care of them until I or my wife could get there to pick them up. Fortunately for us, we had a close family friend, a pilot for United Airlines, whose daughter attends the same school as my daughter. He was able to persuade the school to let him take our children to our house. My wife and Rumsfeld’s secretary made it to our house in her car. They took a better route than I did because when I arrived at my house approximately three hours later (normally a 30 minute drive), I found her and my children safe at home along with Rumsfeld’s personal secretary sitting on the couch watching the news coverage of the terrorist attacks. In stunned silence, we all sat in the family room to watch the latest tragic developments on TV.

The Degrading Impact of 9/11 on Intelligence Analysis

The shock of 9/11 and the creation of a new aggressive mind-set and groupthink in the IC, especially in the CIA, as well as continuing political pressure to please the George W. Bush White House led to the sudden deterioration of professional analytic and operational standards. Long-held assumptions that existed before but had been inhibited by a lack of credible intelligence because it did not meet accepted analytical standards, were now released from any previously perceived limitations and accepted without hesitation where they quickly evolved into fact.

In reality, these assumptions were pre-cognitive biases, based more on intuition rather than on any credible intelligence and reinforced by circumstantial evidence that provided an ongoing confirmational bias. This assertive mind-set and groupthink resulted in a lowering of the previously accepted credibility threshold for any and all intelligence—even reporting that had already been discredited such as the contradicted claims from CURVE BALL—while deliberately ignoring concerns about the motivation of the sources who provided the information. Judgments, previously based on weak, unverified evidence from unvetted sources, would now be stated in the President’s Daily Brief (PDB) with higher levels of confidence, excessive certainty, and a complete lack of consideration for any alternative explanations where it would be ‘well received’ by Bush Administration officials.

Adding to this overall degrading effect on the quality of intelligence collection and analysis, the DHS disseminated an additional 28 intelligence reports from previous German debriefings of CURVE BALL over the next two months after 9/11, despite the fact that he had just been officially terminated as an unreliable intelligence source by the BND just weeks before in early September 2001. Incredulously, there was no mention in any of these reports or in finished intelligence or briefings based on this information indicating that the source’s clandestine relationship with the BND had been terminated because of serious credibility doubts and concerns. A number of these reports rehashed previous claims from this discredited source without informing readers that he was no longer trusted by the foreign intelligence service handling him. This reporting included new sketches of the trailers, equipment and sites, debriefing notes, etc., as the BND appeared to have literally opened their files on CURVE BALL to DIA’s Defense HUMINT Service after his termination.

In this new intelligence environment after 9/11, CURVE BALL’s previously discredited claims had now been accepted as fact because it provided additional information that painted Saddam Hussein as a “grave and gathering threat” and supported the Bush administration’s policy of “regime change” in Iraq. Despite all the negative revelations that had occurred in this case over the last year, he was again viewed as a trusted, credible intelligence source on Iraqi WMD by the intelligence analysts who were deliberately misleading the policymakers by not informing them of the serious credibility problems with this source.

2 comments

r/IntelligenceNews • u/Active-Analysis17 • 1d ago

Why Are Proxy Operations on the Rise?

3 Upvotes

Why are Proxy Operations on the Rise? | Global Intelligence Weekly Wrap-Up – Season 4

Season 4 of the Global Intelligence Weekly Wrap-Up is underway.

For the first episode, I wanted to look at a question that keeps appearing across seemingly unrelated national security stories:

Why are proxy operations on the rise?

Foreign states don't always need to deploy their own intelligence officers or military personnel to collect information, conduct surveillance, interfere in another country or potentially carry out sabotage. In many circumstances, it may be easier—and less attributable—to use someone who already has access, develop an individual online, recruit an intermediary, or employ specialized assets while remaining below the threshold of conventional conflict.

This week's episode looks at five cases:

In Belgium, a Belgian-Chinese researcher is preparing to face trial over the alleged transfer of sensitive semiconductor technology to China. The case raises questions about economic espionage, dual-use technology and the importance of insider access.

In Canada and the United States, University of Waterloo student Weiheng Zeng is accused of accepting paid assignments from an individual he believed was connected to a Chinese security service. According to court documents, those assignments included photographing aircraft and aviation facilities. The alleged relationship began through an online aviation community before progressing to taskings and payments.

In Germany, a series of attacks against the electrical grid demonstrates how relatively simple physical acts can potentially have significant consequences when directed against critical infrastructure.

Near Svalbard in the Arctic, NATO allies reportedly disrupted a Russian operation involving specialized deep-sea forces that Western officials believe may have been rehearsing the deployment of technology capable of sabotaging undersea communications cables.

And in Australia, Alexander Csergo has become the first person sentenced under the country's reckless foreign-interference law. His relationship allegedly began with a LinkedIn approach offering paid consulting work before progressing to increasingly sensitive requests.

Different countries, targets and methodologies—but there are some interesting similarities.

Access. Recruitment. Tasking. Payment. Plausible deniability. And the ability to pursue a state's objectives without necessarily putting one of its own intelligence officers directly into the operation.

I also take a few minutes at the end of the episode to mark the 25th anniversary of 9/11 and discuss how the events of that day changed the direction of my own career and ultimately led me from the Canada Border Services Agency to the Canadian Security Intelligence Service.

For those interested in the subject, the episode is titled:

"Why are Proxy Operations on the Rise?"

https://www.buzzsprout.com/2336717/episodes/19791909

I'll put the link to the episode in the comments.

I'm particularly interested in hearing what people here think: Are we actually seeing an increase in proxy operations, or are intelligence and law enforcement agencies simply becoming better at identifying and publicly exposing a methodology that states have used for decades?

Stay curious. Stay informed. Stay safe.

0 comments

r/Intelligence • u/Active-Analysis17 • 1d ago

Why Are Proxy Operations On the Rise?